what's the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, and between unicellular and multicellular glands. Give examples.

1. What are Branchiootic and branchiootorenal syndromes? What are some of the

morphological abnormalities associated with the disease? Which genes are mutated in these

conditions? What is the role of these genes in placode development?

1. A) What is “Brainbow”? How does the system work? If you wanted to understand the neuronal connections that are responsible for coordinating voluntary motor function which cell type would you label with brainbow? What specific transgenes would you use? Paste a picture of the cell type labeled with brainbow in your response.

B) What is BrdU staining? What information does it give you about cells? How can it be used to identify the timing of neuron birth in relation to development of the neocortex?

4) Identify four different chemoattractants that drive neural crest migration. What are the

receptors the molecules bind? How are the signals transduced? And what is the effect on cell

physiology? Which varieties of neural crest do they attract? What are the cell types these

neural crest become?

11. Explain each of these 4 forces, and mention if they contribute to, or oppose, glomerular filtration. Also draw AND label a simple diagram demonstrating the relationship of these 4 forces @ the renal corpuscle. And finally, set up an algebraic equation showing how all 4 forces contribute to Net Filtration Pressure. (ex: NFP = (A+b)-(C+d)) a. GHP – Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure b. GOP – Glomerular Osmotic Pressure (the book calls it BCOP) c. CHP – Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (the book calls it CsHP) d. COP - Capsular Osmotic Pressure (the book calls it CsOP)

1. In your own words, explain how glomerulus regulates what it filters into the capsular space using the 5 terms below.
   1. Podocytes, Pedicles, Filtration Slits, Fenestrated capillary pores, Lamina densa (or basement membrane)

1. What percentage of the U.S. population is overweight by BMI?
   1. 70%
   2. 90%
   3. 50%
   4. 25%

2.   What are the potential mechanisms for increasing glucose uptake into muscle?
   1. Contraction mediated Glut1 translocation
   2. Insulin mediated Glut4 translocation
   3. Contraction mediated Glut4 translocation
   4. B+C

3. Which of the following is NOT a precaution that should be taken to reduce the risk of exercise- induced hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in patients with type 1 diabetes?
   1. Consume carbohydrate if glucose is <100 mg/dl
   2. Avoid exercising during peak insulin action
   3. Reduce insulin dose on exercise days
   4. Increase insulin dose immediately after exercise

4. A 44 year old male who is obese but otherwise healthy and his father had type 2 Diabetes and had died at 67 from MI, would be classified as medium risk according to the ACSM risk stratification tool. Why is that?
   1. He should be classified as low risk since he has only 1 risk factor: obesity
   2. He has 2 risk factors: obesity and family history
   3. He has 2 risk factors: obesity and assumed pre-diabetic
   4. He has 3 risk factors: age, obesity and family history

5. People classified as ‘High Risk’ using the ACSM risk stratification tool may never exercise.
   1. True
   2. False

6. According to the ACSM guidelines, which of the following individuals meets the criteria for “family history” as a risk factor for developing CVD?
   1. female whose maternal uncle had a heart attack at the age of 58
   2. a male whose mother had coronary bypass surgery at the age of 70
   3. a female whose father died at the age of 63 from a heart attack
   4. a male whose father had a heart attack at the age of 48

7. Which of the following would be categorized as ‘High Risk’?
   1. Male, 25 year old smoker. Healthy and physically active.
   2. Female, 60 year old. Sedentary, BMI=31
   3. Male 65 year old. Sedentary, former smoker.
   4. Female 30 year old. Physically active, Mom died of MI at 64 years. Type 1 diabetic.
   5. B+C

8. Which of the following would be categorized as ‘Moderate Risk’?
   1. Male, 25 year old smoker. Healthy and physically active.
   2. Female, 60 year old. Sedentary, BMI=31
   3. Male 65 year old. Sedentary, former smoker.
   4. Female 30 year old. Physically active, Mom died of MI at 64 years. Type 1 diabetic.
   5. B+C

9. Which of the following would be categorized as ‘Low Risk’?
   1. Male, 25 year old smoker. Healthy and physically active.
   2. Female, 60 year old. Sedentary, BMI=31
   3. Male 65 year old. Sedentary, former smoker. On hypertension medication.
   4. Female 30 year old. Physically active, Mom died of MI at 64 years. Type 1 diabetic.
   5. B+C

10. How does exercise affect glucose metabolism in healthy individuals?
    1. Blood glucose is maintained by decreased insulin and increased counter-regulatory hormones
    2. Blood glucose decreases because of increased insulin production
    3. Blood glucose is maintained by decreased counter-regulatory hormones
    4. Blood glucose increases due to increased gut absorption

PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THE QUESTIONS! THANKS!

1. Which of the following is not a potential complication/co-morbidity of diabetes
   1. Coronary artery disease
   2. Neuropathy in the feet
   3. Kidney damage
   4. All of the following are chronic complications of diabetes

2. A hallmark symptom of both types of diabetes is an elevated blood glucose level often called
   1. Hyperglycemia
   2. Hypoglycemia
   3. Hyperinsulinemia
   4. Hypoinsulinemia
   5. None of the above

3. Once insulin binds to its receptor on the surface of a muscle fiber, a signaling cascade occurs that eventually moves this transport protein to the cell membrane which then moves glucose into muscle
   1. GLUT4
   2. GLUT2
   3. G-protein
   4. IRS-1

4. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for development of type II diabetes
   1. Obesity
   2. Age
   3. Abdominal Fat Distribution
   4. Peripheral Arterial Disease

5. ____________diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, while _________________ diabetes can produce insulin, but have insulin receptors that are insensitive or insulin resistant.
   1. Type 1; Type 2
   2. Type 2; Type 1
   3. Type 1; Type 1a
   4. Type 2a; Type 2b

6. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult onset ____
   1. Neuropathies
   2. Spinal cord injuries
   3. Blindness
   4. Obesity

7. Radiating pain in the neck, jaw, and/or left arm due to transient myocardial ischemia best describes which of the following

1. Angina
2. Claudication
3. Peripheral arterial disease
4. Atheroschlerosis
5. None of the above

People who suffer from gout often find relief by avoiding rich foods and drinking cherry juice. Why? In your answer, explain the symptoms of gout and the mechanisms by which treatments of gout work.

1. A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain leads to which type of stroke
   1. Ischemic
   2. Hemorrhagic
   3. Embolic
   4. None of the above

2. Exercise and physical activity has positive impacts on all of the following risk factors for CVD except?
   1. Smoking
   2. Sedentary lifestyle
   3. Hypertension
   4. Impaired fasting glucose

3. What effect can chronic aerobic exercise have on resting heart rate?
   1. Increase
   2. Decrease
   3. No Change

4. Which of the follow would be considered an ‘average” VO2 max value for a college-aged man
   1. 25 ml/kg/min
   2. 30 ml/kg/min
   3. 40 ml/kg/min
   4. 55 ml/kg/min

5. Which of the following methods of “prescribing” exercise intensity would most closely approximate the desired percentage of VO2 max
   1. % heart rate max
   2. % heart rate reserve
   3. RPE
   4. % maximal ventilation

6. Which of the following is NOT a factor that may influence VO2 max values
   1. Sex
   2. Genetics
   3. Test type (running vs cycling, etc.)
   4. Blood Pressure

7. Which of the following would represent a commonly used “field” test for cardiorespiratory endurance?
   1. 10 kilometer run test
   2. 1 mile walk test
   3. Repeated 50 meter sprint test
   4. Bruce protocol test on a treadmill

8. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that occurs following aerobic training that would lead to an increase in VO2 max?
   1. An increase mitochondria in skeletal muscle
   2. An increase in total blood volume
   3. An increase in lactate threshold
   4. An increase in cardiac output
   5. All of the above an adaptations that would increase VO2 max

9. Which of the following DOES NOT affect blood pressure
   1. Age
   2. Heart Size
   3. Obesity
   4. Salt intake

10. Which type of stoke occurs as a result of a blood clot blocking the flow of blood to an area of the brain?
    1. Ischemic
    2. Hemorrhagic
    3. Clotting
    4. Embolimic

1. ____________diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, while _________________ diabetes can produce insulin, but have insulin receptors that are insensitive or insulin resistant.
   1. Type 1; Type 2
   2. Type 2; Type 1
   3. Type 1; Type 1a
   4. Type 2a; Type 2b

2. Which of the following is not a chronic complication of diabetes
   1. Coronary artery disease
   2. Neuropathy in the feet
   3. Kidney damage
   4. All of the following are chronic complications of diabetes

3. Glucose moves into muscle via which of the following transport proteins
   1. GLUT4
   2. GLUT2
   3. G-protein
   4. IRS-1

4. Exercise lowers insulin resistance is by increasing _____ and decreasing ______.
   1. Immune cells, fat mass
   2. Glut4, glucose receptor
   3. Insulin, HDL
   4. Glut4, fat mass

5. CVD accounts for approximately 40% of all deaths in the U.S. What is the underlying condition that most CVD have in common?
   1. Stroke
   2. Atherosclerosis
   3. Hypertension
   4. Smoking

6. Coronary artery disease is primarily caused by
   1. Weakening of the vessels that supply blood to the heart
   2. A rupture in a vessel that supplies blood to the heart
   3. Narrowing of the vessels that supply blood to the heart
   4. All of the above
   5. None of the above

7. Which of the following is not a contributing factor in the development of atherosclerosis
   1. Inflammation
   2. Damage to the vessel wall
   3. Formation of foam cells
   4. All of the above contribute to atherosclerosis

8. Ischemic damage to the heart often leads to which of the following conditions
   1. Myocardial infarction
   2. Stroke
   3. Intermittent claudication
   4. Atherosclerosis

9. A weak point in a blood vessel, typically in the brain, that results in bulging of the vessel wall is referred to as a/an:
   1. Blood clot
   2. Endothelium
   3. Hemorrhage
   4. Aneurysm
   5. None of the above

10. Exercise may lower blood pressure by ______ amount in individuals who have high blood pressure
    1. 4-5 mmHg
    2. 8-10 mmHg
    3. 12-15 mmHg
    4. 18-20 mmHg

a) Describe briefly the clinical importance of the following Antigens, Antibodies and markers. HB e Ag, HB c Ag, HB S Ag, HBV DNA, Anti HB C Ab (core antibody), HB e Ab, HB S Ab

b) What are the extra-hepatic manifestations of Hepatitis C?

c) Describe briefly the clinicopathologic syndromes of viral hepatitis.

d) How will you differentiate autoimmune hepatitis from viral hepatitis