1. (3pts) How would you describe the condition of respiratory acidosis? What would be the response within the respiratory system to this condition? What would be the response of the urinary system to this condition?

2. (2pts) What are the major buffer systems in the body?

3. (3pts) As you’re probably aware the human body is approximately 60% (with large individual variation) water. How is water distributed within the body?  Be sure to address where it is found, what differences exist between location, and what forces act on water within the body to cause it to change location.

4. (4pts) What are the sources of water gain and loss in the body? What are they for sodium?  How are they connected?

5. (3pts) A person has a tumor in the adrenal cortex that continuously secretes large amounts of aldosterone. What effects does this have on the total amount of sodium and potassium in her body?

6. (3pts) Describe the detection of and response to low blood pressure in the body. Be sure to place this scenario into the context of a homeostatic mechanism, and clearly identify the structures that act as receptors, integrating center and effectors. You should identify specific mechanisms of reaction and the systems involved.

Physiology

Answers can be explained thoroughly in jot note format or paragraphs.

Renal System

1. Describe (include the hormonal control) how water is being reabsorbed from the filtrate into the peritubular circulation.  

Respiratory system

2. Under resting conditions, approximately 25% of the oxygen is extracted from the oxygenated blood into the tissues to maintain their basal metabolic need.  Describe (with all the possible mechanisms) how an individual can increase the unloading of oxygen from the oxygenated blood into the working tissues during exercise.

Reproductive System

3. Describe the journey of the formation of a Graafian follicle starting from the primordial germ cell.  

Gastrointestinal System

4. Describe how carbohydrate is being digested and absorbed within the human gastrointestinal tract.  

Highlight the key structural characteristics of the Hip joint with reference too; Type of joint, what the joint is made up of, cartilage and ligamentous support, primary and secondary movements

Highlight the performance of the; Romanian Deadlift (stiff legged Deadlift), High bar back squat, Summo squat, and the Front squat. How do these exercises differ in their ability to target these following muscles: Biceps Femoris, Semimenbranousus, Semitendinousus, Gluteus maximus, the six Deep lateral rotators, Iliopsoas, Pectineus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, and Tensor Fasciae Latae ?

Highlight and name the origin and insertion areas for the; Biceps Femoris, Semimenbranousus, Semitendinousus, Gluteus maximus, and the six Deep lateral rotators. Then, show their primary and secondary (and tertiary if they have three functions) functions/movements they produce. Which of the five muscles has the GREATEST force generating capacity, and which has the LEAST and why?

​​​​​Case Study (60): This is the case of Kimmy, a newborn female from Tondo, Manila, who was seen last January 2020 because of physical deformities. Kimmy was born to a 35-year-old G3P3 (3003) mother who had prenatal check-up (PNCU) at the local health center for the first 5 months of pregnancy before moving to a government hospital for her PNCU for the rest of her pregnancy. She had cough and colds during the second trimester and a recurrent urinary tract infection during the third trimester of pregnancy. An ultrasound done during the 5th month revealed polyhydramnios. Her mother also experienced preterm labor at 7 months and was subsequently admitted at the hospital for observation. She was released eventually. The mother denies any family history of diseases and malformations. Kimmy was delivered full term via normal spontaneous delivery and assisted by an obstetrician. The four core steps of Unang Yakap were observed. At birth, she had good cry and good activity with an APGAR score of 8 and 9. Upon physical examination, the following were noted: frontal bossing, low set ears, micrognathia, overlapping of the fingers, ambiguous genitalia, and rocker-bottom feet. The rest of the physical examination was normal. Kimmy was eventually discharged and was advised to undergo laboratory tests including karyotyping. Upon follow-up at the out-patient department, complete blood count showed normal levels. Kimmy’s mother showed the following result to the doctor:

1. What is your diagnosis and what are the salient features of the case that made you arrive at such diagnosis?
2. What are the different clinical manifestations of the diagnosis?
3. Are there laboratory procedures that can be done to detect genetic disorders intrauterine? If yes, please enumerate and explain these procedures.
4. How is this genetic disorder different from the other genetic disorders?
5. What is the prognosis of Kimmy?

Golgi tendon organs:

a)are silenced when a muscle is stretched

b)inhibit the discharge of muscle spindles

c)produce inhibition of the motor neurons of their own muscle when they are activated

d)behave as receptors in parallel with contracting muscle fibres

In a sentence or two each, explain how each of the structural adaptations would improve stroke volume. Hint: stroke volume is related to EDV (filling), ESV (contractility), AND Frank-Starling mechanism. Also keep in mind the concept of pre-load and after-load. Therefore, explain how the structure could affect some or all of those components.

Increased LV internal diameter

Increased LV mass

Increased LV wall-thickness

Increased Atrial thickness

Increased aortic compliance

Increased plasma volume

Increased muscle capillary volume

Different motor units generate the same potentials in an EMG readout.

True or False

Correlate the waves in an electrocardiogram with those of a cardiomyocyte action potential..

Explain the Baro-receptor reflex and in physiological and pathological conditions, including orthostatic hypotension..

Explain the mechanism of SOCE and the contribution of Stim1 and Orai to vascular remodeling.

Calculate changes in MAP (mean arterial pressure) and ponder over their physiological consequences (hyper/hypotension, etc)..