Describe in detail the functions and interactions of these body systems as related to diabetes insipidus:

(1) urinary system (2) endocrine system (3) nervous system (4) cardiovascular system

A combination of nephrotoxic drugs and metformin contributed to Sharon’s rapid decline. Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomerulus, leading to increased vascular permeability. Describe how glomerulonephritis will impact the process of filtration in the nephron. What is the impact on GFR? Predict blood and urine albumin levels, and discuss how glomerulonephritis will impact fluid and nutrient exchange in systemic capillaries. How does this cause edema in many patients with glomerulonephritis?

Mr. Jones is a 44-year-old man admitted to the hospital after inhalation of smoke in a house fire. His physician tells him that he has reduced compliance and high alveolar surface tension and Mr. Jones wants to know what this means based on his situation. What would you tell him?

Highlight and name the origin and insertion areas for the; Iliopsoas, Pectineus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, and Tensor Fasciae Latae. Then, show their primary and secondary (and tertiary if they have three functions) functions/movements they produce. Which of the five muscles (counting the Iliopsoas as 1 whole muscle) has the GREATEST force generating capacity, and which has the LEAST and why?

Highlight and name the origin and insertion areas for the; Biceps Femoris, Semimenbranousus, Semitendinousus, Gluteus maximus, and the six Deep lateral rotators. Then, show their primary and secondary (and tertiary if they have three functions) functions/movements they produce. Which of the five muscles has the GREATEST force generating capacity, and which has the LEAST and why?

Highlight the performance of the forward and backward lunge as well as the step up. What are the prime movers, how are lunges similar and different from one another. Finally, what types of athletes could benefit from using these exercises and why?

Please match term with description. Answers may be used more than once or not at all.

a. High-threshold neurons

b. low-threshold neurons

c. frequency specificity

d. poststimulus time histograms

e. characteristic frequency

f. tuning curve

g. tonotopic array

h. crossed and uncrossed olivocochlear bundles

i. Interspike interval histogram

1. _____ This is the frequency to which a neuron is most responsive.

2. _____ This provides a means of determining the frequency response of a specific VIII nerve fiber.

3. _____ These respond at low signal levels and display random firing even when no stimulus is present.

4. _____ When stimulated this/these cause reduction in firing rate of VIII nerve fibers.

5. _____ These are plots of neural response relative to the onset of the stimulus.

6. _____ This is a composite of the responses of a single fiber at each frequency of stimulation.

7. _____ These require higher intensity before being stimulated to fire.

8. _____ This/These may process near-threshold sounds.

9. _____ This refers to the systematic low-to-high frequency relationship displayed throughout the auditory nervous system.

Please match location of processing with statement of function. Answers may be used more than once or not at all.

a. Cochlear nucleus

b. Superior olivary complex

c. Inferior colliculus

d. medial geniculate body

e. cerebral cortex

1. _____ Recognition of the identity of a signal occurs here.

2. _____ This provides the first level of processing of the auditory signal in the brainstem.

3. _____ This provides the primary localization processing of high frequency sound.

4. _____ This is the final nucleus before a signal reaches the cerebrum

5. _____ This provides the primary localization processing of low frequency sound.

6. _____ A signal can be consciously processed at this level.

7. _____ This is the first site of binaural interaction.

8. _____ This is a relay of the thalamus

1. Explain the process of reabsorption using the following structures.
   1. Tubular Lumen, Tubular cells, Tubular fluid, Peritubular fluid, Peritubular capillary
2. Explain the process of secretion using the following structures.
   1. Tubular Lumen, Tubular cells, Tubular fluid, Peritubular fluid, Peritubular capillary

Please match term with description. Answers may be used more than once or not at all.

a. impedance matching

b. area ratio

c. lever ratio

d. buckling function

e. localization

1. _____ This is a function of the pinna.

2. _____ This provides a gain of approximately 2 dB.

3. _____ This provides a gain of approximately 25 dB.

4. _____ This is a function of only the tympanic membrane.

5. _____ This is a function of the relationship between the tympanic membrane and the

oval window.

6. _____ This is a function of the olivary complex of the brainstem.

7. _____ This is a function of the middle ear

8. _____ This provides a gain of 4-6 dB

Which group of pacemaker cells is responsible for setting the heart rate in a healthy patient? Write a flow diagram (eg: structure A --> structure B --> structure C, etc.) to describe the path that an action potential would take as it makes its way through the electrical conduction system of the heart, being sure to name all structures. What structure enables action potentials to directly spread between neighbouring cardiomyocytes? Be specific.

(In humans) Discuss the fetal cardiovascular adaptations and their functions in fetal blood circulation.

does all the air the we breathed in reaches the exchange surfaces of the lungs during tidal volume? yes or no? and why?

1. Identify the secretory acini and the duct system. Tissue sections of pancreas show abundant darker-staining _____________ (exocrine cells) grouped together in small ovals or columns (acini) composed of 3-8 cells arranged around a central secretory duct that may be too small to visualize under low magnification.

   1. What type of glands is this (pg. 89, Mescher)? _______________

2. What type of epithelium does the glands have? ________________

Draw a concept map incorporating all of the following terms related to the innate immune response. (What’s a concept map? Basically a flow chart…)

Neutrophil

Granulocyte

Eosinophil

Basophil

Hematopoietic stem cell

Macrophage

Natural killer (NK) cell

Complement

Innate response

Inflammation

Opsonize

Vasodilation

Chemokine

Interferon alpha/beta

Blood vessel permeability

Cytokine

Dendritic cell

Diapedesis (extravasation)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

PAMPs

Digestive enzymes (lysozyme, proteases, etc)

Acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein)

Inflammatory mediators (histamine, bradykinin)

NETs