1. Which of the following is not a potential complication/co-morbidity of diabetes
   1. Coronary artery disease
   2. Neuropathy in the feet
   3. Kidney damage
   4. All of the following are chronic complications of diabetes

2. A hallmark symptom of both types of diabetes is an elevated blood glucose level often called
   1. Hyperglycemia
   2. Hypoglycemia
   3. Hyperinsulinemia
   4. Hypoinsulinemia
   5. None of the above

3. Once insulin binds to its receptor on the surface of a muscle fiber, a signaling cascade occurs that eventually moves this transport protein to the cell membrane which then moves glucose into muscle
   1. GLUT4
   2. GLUT2
   3. G-protein
   4. IRS-1

4. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for development of type II diabetes
   1. Obesity
   2. Age
   3. Abdominal Fat Distribution
   4. Peripheral Arterial Disease

5. ____________diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, while _________________ diabetes can produce insulin, but have insulin receptors that are insensitive or insulin resistant.
   1. Type 1; Type 2
   2. Type 2; Type 1
   3. Type 1; Type 1a
   4. Type 2a; Type 2b

6. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult onset ____
   1. Neuropathies
   2. Spinal cord injuries
   3. Blindness
   4. Obesity

7. Radiating pain in the neck, jaw, and/or left arm due to transient myocardial ischemia best describes which of the following

1. Angina
2. Claudication
3. Peripheral arterial disease
4. Atheroschlerosis
5. None of the above

People who suffer from gout often find relief by avoiding rich foods and drinking cherry juice. Why? In your answer, explain the symptoms of gout and the mechanisms by which treatments of gout work.

1. A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain leads to which type of stroke
   1. Ischemic
   2. Hemorrhagic
   3. Embolic
   4. None of the above

2. Exercise and physical activity has positive impacts on all of the following risk factors for CVD except?
   1. Smoking
   2. Sedentary lifestyle
   3. Hypertension
   4. Impaired fasting glucose

3. What effect can chronic aerobic exercise have on resting heart rate?
   1. Increase
   2. Decrease
   3. No Change

4. Which of the follow would be considered an ‘average” VO2 max value for a college-aged man
   1. 25 ml/kg/min
   2. 30 ml/kg/min
   3. 40 ml/kg/min
   4. 55 ml/kg/min

5. Which of the following methods of “prescribing” exercise intensity would most closely approximate the desired percentage of VO2 max
   1. % heart rate max
   2. % heart rate reserve
   3. RPE
   4. % maximal ventilation

6. Which of the following is NOT a factor that may influence VO2 max values
   1. Sex
   2. Genetics
   3. Test type (running vs cycling, etc.)
   4. Blood Pressure

7. Which of the following would represent a commonly used “field” test for cardiorespiratory endurance?
   1. 10 kilometer run test
   2. 1 mile walk test
   3. Repeated 50 meter sprint test
   4. Bruce protocol test on a treadmill

8. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that occurs following aerobic training that would lead to an increase in VO2 max?
   1. An increase mitochondria in skeletal muscle
   2. An increase in total blood volume
   3. An increase in lactate threshold
   4. An increase in cardiac output
   5. All of the above an adaptations that would increase VO2 max

9. Which of the following DOES NOT affect blood pressure
   1. Age
   2. Heart Size
   3. Obesity
   4. Salt intake

10. Which type of stoke occurs as a result of a blood clot blocking the flow of blood to an area of the brain?
    1. Ischemic
    2. Hemorrhagic
    3. Clotting
    4. Embolimic

1. ____________diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, while _________________ diabetes can produce insulin, but have insulin receptors that are insensitive or insulin resistant.
   1. Type 1; Type 2
   2. Type 2; Type 1
   3. Type 1; Type 1a
   4. Type 2a; Type 2b

2. Which of the following is not a chronic complication of diabetes
   1. Coronary artery disease
   2. Neuropathy in the feet
   3. Kidney damage
   4. All of the following are chronic complications of diabetes

3. Glucose moves into muscle via which of the following transport proteins
   1. GLUT4
   2. GLUT2
   3. G-protein
   4. IRS-1

4. Exercise lowers insulin resistance is by increasing _____ and decreasing ______.
   1. Immune cells, fat mass
   2. Glut4, glucose receptor
   3. Insulin, HDL
   4. Glut4, fat mass

5. CVD accounts for approximately 40% of all deaths in the U.S. What is the underlying condition that most CVD have in common?
   1. Stroke
   2. Atherosclerosis
   3. Hypertension
   4. Smoking

6. Coronary artery disease is primarily caused by
   1. Weakening of the vessels that supply blood to the heart
   2. A rupture in a vessel that supplies blood to the heart
   3. Narrowing of the vessels that supply blood to the heart
   4. All of the above
   5. None of the above

7. Which of the following is not a contributing factor in the development of atherosclerosis
   1. Inflammation
   2. Damage to the vessel wall
   3. Formation of foam cells
   4. All of the above contribute to atherosclerosis

8. Ischemic damage to the heart often leads to which of the following conditions
   1. Myocardial infarction
   2. Stroke
   3. Intermittent claudication
   4. Atherosclerosis

9. A weak point in a blood vessel, typically in the brain, that results in bulging of the vessel wall is referred to as a/an:
   1. Blood clot
   2. Endothelium
   3. Hemorrhage
   4. Aneurysm
   5. None of the above

10. Exercise may lower blood pressure by ______ amount in individuals who have high blood pressure
    1. 4-5 mmHg
    2. 8-10 mmHg
    3. 12-15 mmHg
    4. 18-20 mmHg

a) Describe briefly the clinical importance of the following Antigens, Antibodies and markers. HB e Ag, HB c Ag, HB S Ag, HBV DNA, Anti HB C Ab (core antibody), HB e Ab, HB S Ab

b) What are the extra-hepatic manifestations of Hepatitis C?

c) Describe briefly the clinicopathologic syndromes of viral hepatitis.

d) How will you differentiate autoimmune hepatitis from viral hepatitis

3) What is the creatinine clearance test? How is it be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate?

1) Describe how CD8 T-cells contribute to cell-mediated immunity. [Be sure to provide a short general overview first, and then provide specific ways in which T cells destroy their target cells].

Which of the following statements about cardiac anatomy is CORRECT:

A. Papillary muscles contract to open the AV valves.

B. Cardiac cells in the SA node are functionally coupled by chemical synapses.

C. The heart does not have its own arteries, capillaries, and veins because it obtains vital substances from the blood that is being pumped through it.

D. The volume of the left ventricle is equal to the volume of the right ventricle.

*Option D is the correct answer, please explain why choice D is correct, and why choice A is incorrect! Thank you!

Acetylcholine stimulates an action potential in the muscle cell membrane by:

a) Opening chloride channels in the muscle cell membrane

b) Opening channels in the neuromuscular junction which allow sodium to move out of the cell

c) Opening channels in the neuromuscular junction which allow potassium to move out of the cell

d) Opening channels in the neuromuscular junction which allow sodium to move in and potassium to move out, though sodium moves faster than potassium because both chemical and electrical gradients drive sodium into the cell

e) Opening channels in the neuromuscular junction which allow sodium to move in and potassium to move out, though potassium moves faster than sodium because potassium is closer to equilibrium

Please provide an explanation. Thank you.

Which of the following is TRUE of the absolute refractory period?

a) It establishes the maximum frequency with which a nerve cell can conduct action potentials

b) It does not end until the Na+/K+ pump has restored the ions to their original locations

c) It establishes the maximum number of graded potentials that can summate

d) Two of the above are correct

d) a) b) and c) are correct

Please provide an explanation. Thank you.