does all the air the we breathed in reaches the exchange surfaces of the lungs during tidal volume? yes or no? and why?

1. Identify the secretory acini and the duct system. Tissue sections of pancreas show abundant darker-staining _____________ (exocrine cells) grouped together in small ovals or columns (acini) composed of 3-8 cells arranged around a central secretory duct that may be too small to visualize under low magnification.

   1. What type of glands is this (pg. 89, Mescher)? _______________

2. What type of epithelium does the glands have? ________________

Draw a concept map incorporating all of the following terms related to the innate immune response. (What’s a concept map? Basically a flow chart…)

Neutrophil

Granulocyte

Eosinophil

Basophil

Hematopoietic stem cell

Macrophage

Natural killer (NK) cell

Complement

Innate response

Inflammation

Opsonize

Vasodilation

Chemokine

Interferon alpha/beta

Blood vessel permeability

Cytokine

Dendritic cell

Diapedesis (extravasation)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

PAMPs

Digestive enzymes (lysozyme, proteases, etc)

Acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein)

Inflammatory mediators (histamine, bradykinin)

NETs

Define circulatory shock. Explain what hypovolemic shock is and list the ways a person may suffer from hypovolemic shock. Describe the mechanisms the body initiates in an attempt to compensate for shock, and how these mechanisms have the potential to maintain blood flow homeostasis.

Describe in detail the baroreceptor reflex. Be sure to name and describe all the contributing components, their locations, their specific roles in the reflex. Then give an example of a situation in which blood pressure would suddenly fall and explain how the baroreceptor reflex operates to maintain blood pressure homeostasis. Then give an example of a situation in which blood pressure would suddenly rise and explain how the baroreceptor reflex operates to maintain blood pressure homeostasis. (it’s easiest to choose simple examples like body position changes lying to standing, standing to lying down).

- Where receptive fields are small, they are served by more OR fewer (choose one) receptors in that region. Where receptive fields are small, you are more OR less (choose one) sensitive?

- Which of the following is NOT one of the steps of sensory processing? Choose one

a. transduction of the signal

b. transmission of the signal to the integrating center

c. perception of the stimulus at the integrating center

d. motor response to the signal

Thank you so much!

Post these exercises from big muscle group to small muscle groups:

1)Burpees,renegade row, plank tap, dragon walk, figure eights, inchworm, triceps box dip, contralateral limb raises

2) Mountain climber, romanian deadlift, glute bridge, pistol squat, hamstring curl, dip & kick, lateral lunge, leg raises

3)Turkish Get-up, crab tow touch, warrior balance, plank, single-leg jackkife, dead bug, boat pose, scissor switch

MALE VC = 0.052(H) – 0.022(A) – 3.60

FEMALE VC = 0.041(H) – 0.0184(A) – 2.69

What is the theoretical vital capacity of a 26 YO female athlete who is 5'11" and 160 lbs?  You will need to find the proper unit conversion yourself to answer this question.

MALE FEV1 = 0.036(H) – 0.032(A) – 1.26

FEMALE FEV1 = 0.035(H) – 0.025(A) – 1.93

What is the theoretical forced expiratory volume of the same 26 YO female athlete who is 5'11" and 160 lbs?  You will need to find the proper unit conversion yourself to answer this question.

Given a data set for MVV of:

1.2 , 1.6 , 2.2 , 1.8 , 3.7 , 2.6 L/cycle (test completed over 10 seconds)

What is the MVV? MVV = AVPC * RR

Explain the role that hormone play in both female ovarian and uterine cycles. Name all four hormone involved and explain the role each plays.

3 a. If you drank a bottle of water, how would this affect the osmolarity of the gastric fluids in the lumen of your small intestine and therefore the osmotic gradient across the epithelial cells lining the small intestine?  

b. Based on your response to the previous question, how does the change in the osmotic gradient affect the osmolarity of the plasma? The volume of the plasma?

Match the questions with its answer. Some answers may be used more than once, some not at all.

What tissue type is the pigmented layer?

What is the pigment in the pigmented cells?       

What is the anatomical structure of the neurons of the retina?   

Which photoreceptor cell is responsible for color?            

Which photoreceptor cell is activated by dim light?          

What is the name of the area with the greatest visual acuity?      

Which photoreceptor cell is found in the area of greatest visual acuity?

A .Bipolar neuron

B. Melanin

C. Simple cuboidal epithelium

D. Simple columnar epithelium

E. Cone

F. Rod

G. Fovea centralis

H. Unipolar neuron

Match the following regarding the levels of organization of the components of gustation

                basal cell

                supporting cell

                tissue on othe surface of the tongue

                gustatory cell

A.            receptor

B.            sustain the receptors

C.            stem cell

D.            stratified squamous epithelium

Classify the receptor for gustation:
general or special?
interoceptor, exteroceptor, or proprioceptor?
mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor, thermoreceptor, nociceptor, or photoreceptor?

QUESTION 1

1. Put the following steps in order of the pathway for taste:

     

   CN IX or CN VII

   
   

   gustatory cells

   
   

   synapse at medulla oblongata

   
   

   primary gustatory corted

   
      

   synapse at thalamus

Put the following items in order from the flow of sound waves to the production of action potential to the destination in the brain.

auditory association area
auricle

basilar membrane

cochlea

cochlear branch of CN VIII

external acoustic meatus

incus

inner hair cell  

malleus     

oval window

primary auditory cortex

scala vestibuli

stapes

synapse in inferior colliculus

synapse in medulla oblongata
synapse in thalamus

tympanic membrane