1. If HCO₃^- did not diffuse out of the red blood cell, what would occur?

1. The red blood cell would become acidic.
2. The pH of red blood cells would decrease.
3. The plasma pH would be destabilized.
4. Increased levels of Cl^- would enter the red blood cell.

1. Which of the following is TRUE?
   1. Hormones are secreted into the blood in pulses by specific stimuli.
   2. Steroid hormones will bind to receptors located on the cell membrane.
   3. An example of a secondary messenger is estrogen, as it is released upon stimulation from a primary messenger, such as LH.
   4. Tyrosine kinase is located in the nucleus and causes new proteins to be created.

Classify the lab tests listed by the phase of hemostasis it assesses (primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, fibrinolysis, inhibition):

PT, PT and INR, aPTT, bleeding time, TT, Bethesda Titer, PFA, FDP, lupus like anticoagulants, mixing studies, d-Dimers, von Willebrand factor, Fibrinogen Activity Assay, Platelet Aggregation, Factor XIII assay (Urea Solubility Test), specific factor assays, Functional Fibrinogen Assay (Clauss Method).

Discuss three specific tissue types. Give location and function in the human body.

1. If a patient produced very low levels of TSH, what would occur?
   1. The patient would produce high levels of TRH.
   2. The patient would produce high levels of T3 and T4.
   3. The patient would have a goiter.
   4. The thyroid would take up increased levels of iodine.

1. What would occur if the body could no longer produce lactate?
   1. In the presence of oxygen, acetyl CoA would build up and be converted back to fatty acids.
   2. In the absence of oxygen, ATP production would increase.
   3. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate would build-up, causing glycolysis to slow down.
   4. Lactose would no longer be digested properly, leading to increased bloating

(1) Describe the possible clinical symptoms of changes in the body system affected when renal failure occurs.


(2) Describe in detail the normal physiological characteristics of all organs related to those clinical symptoms and the physiological changes of the disease condition due to renal failure.

1. How does blood pressure respond when an individual moves from a supine to a standing position? What causes this response? What is the name of this phenomenon?
2. Describe the typical systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses to exercise of increasing intensity.
3. Describe the four general indications for stopping an exercise test.
4. Explain the typical changes in blood pressure and cardiac output following intense exercise. Why do these changes make it necessary to perform a cooldown period after intense exercise?
5. Describe the reasons that blood pressure increases dramatically during isometric muscle contractions.
6. What factors can influence blood pressure readings? How can we control the environment to help ensure that our blood pressure readings are accurate?

The endocrine system consists of several different glands. These include the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, and adrenal glands, along with the pancrease and the gonads (ovaries for women, and testes for men). Please answer the question: which of these glands do you believe is most important? Explain why and defend your answer. Your response should be a minimum of 100 words, with in-text citations and references.