Q1Which muscle(s) is involved in forced exhalation.??
Q2True or False: Air will flow into the lungs when the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
questions3 As a general rule, vital capacity with. height and .with age.
.Q4 Which period of pulmonary ventilation is a passive process?

Name and explain the two hormones used for water and salt balance.

What are the stress hormones? How do they act? Specifically, how does stress affect growth and development?

1. What is an acrosomal reaction after egg and sperm first contact? What molecular interaction activates the acrosomal reaction? What is the purpose of acrosomal reaction?

2. What proteins on sperm tether the sperm to egg vitelline envelope? What would the consequence if this protein loses its specificity? (20 points)

3. What is polyspermy? What is the consequence of polyspermy?

4. What is the mechanism for fast block to polyspermy? What would be the influence on fertilization if the sodium concentration in the environment where fertilization occurs is too low?

1) What are the accessory structures of the eye?

2) List the structures that are in each layer of the intrinsic eye.

3) List the pathway for vision.

Describe the impact that the exercise pressor reflex and autoregulation have on cardiac output and skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise.

Case Study 1

Sample A is from a 35 year old male who visited his GP complaining of chest pain during exercise. An ECG taken at rest was normal but ischaemic changes developed on exercise. A family history revealed that his father died of a heart attack at the age of 45 years. The laboratory test results for his fasting blood sample were as follows:

Analyte                       Patient values                        Reference range for fasting

     blood sample

Sodium                                    139                              135-145 mmol/L

Potassium                                4.1                               3.0-5.0 mmol/L

Total protein                           69                                65-80 g/L

Albumin                                  35                                35-47 g/L

Calcium                                  9.3                               9.0-10.5 mg/dl

Lactate dehydrogenase           250                              90-190 IU/L

Creatine kinase                       129                              30-60 IU/L

Asparatate transaminase         70                                < 40 IU/L

Gamma glutamyl transferase 30                                < 50 IU/L

Total Bilirubin                        13                                0.4-15 μmol/L

Glucose                                   12                                3.5-5.5 mmol/L

Fructosamine                          351                              205-285 μmol/L

Cholesterol                             

            Total                            7.2                               <5.2mmol/L

            HDL                            1.4                               >1.5 mmol/L

            LDL                            ?                                  <3.5 mmol/L

Triglycerides                           2.95                             <1.7mmol/L

On the gradient gel electrophoresis, plasma sample for this patient showed the presence of small dense LDL particle.

1. Calculate and comment on the LDL cholesterol values. What does the presence of small dense LDL mean?
2. How many cardiovascular risk factors does this patient have?
3. Discuss the type of hyperlipidaemia this patient is likely to have.
4. What further tests and dietary/drug treatments would you recommend for this patient?

Describe the process of the folding of the neural plate to form the neural tube. 500 words max. Anatomy

2. Jolene wakes suddenly to her alarm clock and realizes that she is late for her 9:15am CBIO2210 class. She jumps to her feet, feels dizzy and lightheaded for a moment, then hops into the shower. Draw a diagram / flowchart / picture of the sequence of events that occurred when she jumped up that overcame her dizzy feeling and prevented her from losing consciousness. Include the receptors, the control center, at least one effector site, information traveling between receptors / control center / effectors, and the response.

During exercise, the cardiopulmonary system plays a role in acid-base balance by _.

A increasing the ph of blood by hypoventilation

B lowrering ph of blood by hypervetialting

C removing H+ from blood by using bicarbonate system

D aisinf kidney in removal of lactic acid

D

Think of five everyday movements (example: snatching a foot)

For each, indicate the movement, the bones involved, the joints involved, and the type of joint movements

1)   What are the three layers of the heart? Briefly describe the three layers of the heart.
2)   Describe the pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs (Pulmonary Circulation) and from the heart to the different bodily tissues (Systemic Circulation) and back to the heart
a.   You must include all the chambers of the heart (Atria and Ventricles), all the valves (ex. Tricuspid Valve, etc.), and all the necessary vessels (ex. Pulmonary Artery, Inferior Vena cava, etc.)

1) What are the major lymphatic organs/vessels?

2) Briefly describe how you would have performed the heart dissection as if you were to do it in class. What are major structures you can see?