Discuss hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Make sure to include how FSH (2 pts), LH (2 pts), Testosterone (3 pts) and Estrogen (2 pts) contribute to these processes-- DO NOT INCLUDE THE ENTIRE HORMONAL CYCLE. 1 pt for essay formatting, grammar, spelling.

How and by what mechanism is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) affected by

obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction by a stone?

stimulation of the splanchnic nerve?

a marathon run?

severing the post-glanglionic sympathetic fibers to the kidney

1. What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?

2. What is lymph? What is the normal composition of lymph? How does the composition of lymph differ from that of blood?

3. Describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries emphasizing on the unique features.

4. Which major body regions drain lymph to the right lymphatic duct?

5. What is lymphedema? What can cause lymphedema?

6. What are the functions of the spleen? If your spleen were removed [splenectomy], would you be able to fight off illness or infections effectively? Why or why not?

7. What is the role of the thymus in the human body?

8. If your tonsils are removed, how does your body develop an immune response against antigens in the throat?

9. The radical mastectomy is an operation in which a cancerous breast, surrounding tissues, and the underlying muscles of the anterior thoracic wall, plus the axillary lymph nodes, are removed. After such an operation, the arm usually swells, or becomes edematous, and is very uncomfortable -- sometimes for months. Why?

10. Could humans live without a lymphatic system? Explain why or why not.

11. Why do lymph nodes enlarge when you are sick?

Briefly explain Bronfenbrenner's (1986) ecological system approach to understanding risks behavior and outline the four levels of behavioural influence.

Explain how the neuromuscular junction functions.

Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.

Explain how socio-emotional development may be experienced during adolescence in relation to Erikson's theory of lifespan development.

Briefly outline the characteristics of formal operational thinking during adolescence according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

1-

What other factors elicit the same or similar effect as the Bohr Effect?

2-

True or False. When the transmural pressure gradient doubles, the lung is likely to collapse.

3-

What is pulmonary surfactant, what produces it, what does it do, and what happens when it is not there?

4-

Label the lung volume terms represented on the graph.

1-

Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma, on hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions. What are the percentages of each?

Plasma

hemoglobin

bicarbonate

2- Why is there no N₂ in your blood even though it is the dominant gas in the atmosphere?

3-

Explain the significance of the 2 major regions of the oxygen saturation/desaturation curve, i.e., the flat region & the steep region. 1. what are their ranges? 2. what is Hb's job? 3. at what locations? 4. what is happening with regard to Hb's P_O2 sensitivity? (Hb = hemoglobin)

4-

What exactly is the Bohr effect?

Upper Limb Bud Development Questions

a) Does the limb rotation bring the pre-axial border to the radial or ulnar side?

b) Does the post-axial border contain the more rostral or more caudal dermatomes?

c) How does rotation of the developing limb affect the location of the upper limb muscle compartments?

Q2. Below are the results of a manual reticulocyte count. Calculate the relative reticulocyte
count. Show calculation.
1
st slide = 15 reticulocytes counted in 1000 cells
2
nd slide = 17 reticulocytes counted in 1000 cells
Q3. The patient in Question 2 above is an adult female with a haematocrit value of
25%. Correct her reticulocyte count. Show calculation.

You are sitting in a chair and decide to get up and cross the room to the kitchen to get something to eat (a snack). Describe the neural processes and networks involved in this process. Make sure you include everything from the cortical areas to the midbrain, cerebellum and spinal cord. And don’t forget alpha motor neurons and motor pools

Which of the following would diffuse across the membrane of its target cell?

a.Epinephrine

b.Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

c.Tri-iodothyronine

d.Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

2.Which of the following hormones would bind a receptor on the exterior surface of its target cell?

a,aldosterone

b.tri-iodothyronine

c.glucagon

d calcitriol

Oxytocin

Furosemide: Relative to normal, what would happen if the drug furosemide inhibits Na^+/K⁺ and Na^+/Cl^- symport channels in the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron tubule? Explain your reasoning for each.

1. What would happen to water loss from the descending limb? Why.

2. What would happen to the osmolarity of the filtrate inside the bottom of the nephron loop? Why?

3. What would happen to the loss of salt (NaCl) from the thin segment of the ascending limb. Why?