(Physical Anthropology)

1) Describe the (3) main behavioral tendencies of primates

2) (3) benefits to having generalized dentition and dietary plasticity

3) Explain in biological and behavioral terms why primates have long parental investment periods compared to other animals.

Fetal Pig Lab

WHAT IS THE MUSCLE THAT WORKS OPPOSITE OF THE GLUTEUS MEDIUS?

IF THE GLUTEUS MAXIMUS IN THE PIG IS SMALLER THAN THE GLUTEUS MINIMUS, WHY IS IT STILL CALLED THE MAXIMUS?

BESIDES THE ISCHIUM, WHAT ARE THE OTHER TWO COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP THE PELVIC GIRDLE?

WHAT ARE THREE HORMONES RELEASED FROM THE THYROID GLAND?

T-CELLS ARE IMPORTANT IN WHAT SYSTEM IN THE BODY?

WHAT MOLECULE ARE BOTH INSULIN AND GLUCAGON IMPORTANT IN REGULATING?

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY HORMONE THAT IS SECRETED BY THE GONAD THAT IS LOCATED IN YOUR PIG?

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY HORMONE THAT IS SECRETED BY THE GONAD IN A PIG THAT IS OF THE OPPOSITE SEX OF YOUR PIG?

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CORONARY ARTERY?

FROM WHICH CHAMBER OF THE HEART DOES THE AORTA/AORTIC ARCH ORIGINATE?

Effective and lasting weight loss requires ____. Select one: a. a diet that significantly reduces calorie intake b. following a diet plan that is restrictive and demanding c. a lifestyle change that includes healthy eating and regular exercise d. going on a diet for a specific period of time

1. Haploid cells:

1. Are representative of all cells in body
2. Occur during mitosis
3. Occur during meiosis
4. Possess paired chromosomes

2. Disease hemophilia results from:

1. Dominant gene on X chromosome in males
2. Recessive gene on Y chromosome in males
3. Recessive gene on X chromosome in males
4. Dominant gene on Y chromosome

3. The human genome consists of:

1. DNA, most of which encodes for proteins
2. DNA, most of which does not encode for proteins
3. Proteins, which encodes DNA
4. RNA, most of which does not encode proteins

4. A gene is:

1. Sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for one protein
2. Sequence of amino acids
3. A chromosome
4. Sequence of RNA nucleotides coding for one protein

5. Genetics is study of:

1. Sperm & egg
2. Effect of environment on our health
3. Inheritance
4. DNA

6. In a human zygote, the 46 chromosomes:

1. All come from sperm cell
2. Half comes from DNA & half from RNA
3. Half comes from sperm cell and half from egg cell
4. All come from egg cell

7. The two types of chromosomes are:

1. Autosomes & allosomes
2. Sex chromosomes & allosomes
3. Sex chromosomes & autosomes
4. X & Y chromosomes

8. In an autosomal inheritance where dominant gene is expressed, all offspring will show dominant homozygous if:

1. Trait is sex-linked
2. Both parents are dominant homozygous
3. Both parents are dominant heterozygous
4. One of the parent is dominant heterozygous

9. In a sex-linked hemophilia disease due to a recessive gene, a mating of homozygous female non-hemophilia  with hemophilia male  will result in:

1. 100% females with hemophilia
2. 100% males will not be hemophilia
3. 50% males will be hemophilia
4. None of offspring will be hemophilia

10. An individual with same gene in an allele is said to be:

1. Heterozygous
2. Homozygous
3. Haploid
4. Hemizygous

1. The two types of chromosomes are:

1. Autosomes & allosomes
2. Sex chromosomes & allosomes
3. Sex chromosomes & autosomes
4. X & Y chromosomes

2. In an autosomal inheritance where dominant gene is expressed, all offspring will show dominant homozygous if:

1. Trait is sex-linked
2. Both parents are dominant homozygous
3. Both parents are dominant heterozygous
4. One of the parent is dominant heterozygous

3. In a sex-linked hemophilia disease due to a recessive gene, a mating of homozygous female non-hemophilia with hemophilia male will result in:

1. 100% females with hemophilia
2. 100% males will not be hemophilia
3. 50% males will be hemophilia
4. None of offspring will be hemophilia

4. An individual with same gene in an allele is said to be:

1. Heterozygous
2. Homozygous
3. Haploid
4. Hemizygous

5. The appearance resulting from a given gene combination(allele) is referred to as the:

1. Genotype
2. stereotype
3. phenotype
4. alleleotype

Jenny Higgins, a 27-year-old female, develops achy joints, disrupted bowel activity and skin rashes over the course of 7 months. Although mild at first, the symptoms get worse over this time period, and while her GP did not initially suspect an autoimmune disease, Jenny is eventually diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) a classic systemic autoimmune disease. Answer the following sub-questions separately.

1) Name some common autoantibody responses present in patients with SLE? (1 mark)

2) Briefly describe how these autoantibodies contribute to symptoms of the disease.

3) Patients with SLE often have delayed clearance of apoptotic cells. Explain why this delay may result in an increased risk of autoreactivity to internal cellular components such as the nucleus.

4) If self-proteins or tissue components in the joints are not targeted directly in SLE, why do patients develop inflammation of joints?

5) Briefly describe a 2 stage (2 different drugs, and why you have chosen these) anti- inflammatory treatment regime designed to quickly bring inflammation under control, but moving to long term treatment more readily tolerated by the patient.

1. Ms Duffy is 28 years old and wears spectacles. Over the last three years her vision has been worsening even with spectacles. She was examined by an eye doctor and diagnosed to have thinner and steeper than normal corneas with vision impairment in both eyes but more in the left than right eye. Her corneal condition and vision were expected to continue to worsen without intervention. Thus, the eye doctor performed a negligibly invasive treatment procedure on her eyes, first in the left eye and six months later in the right eye. The treatment improved her vision in both eyes. Answer the following sub-questions separately.

1. Which corneal disease did Ms Duffy develop? (1 mark)

2. What could be the effect/s of this corneal disease on Ms Duffy’s vision and why? (1 mark)

3. What are the two most common likely causes of this disease? (1 mark)

4. From your understanding of the structure of the cornea, state primarily which part/s of the cornea is/are compromised in this disease? (1 mark)

5. What are the main clinical and histopathological features of this disease?

6. Which pathophysiological mechanisms are activated in this disease? Explain three of the mechanisms.

7. Explain the basic principle underlying treatment of Ms Duffy’s disease. (1 mark)

what are the functions and locations of sudoriferous,sebaceous, ceruminous and mammary glands.

You have discovered a new species of sea squirt and you have named it Seasquirtus laker after your alma mater. Sea squirts feed by sucking water through a tube into the pharynx, and then into the stomach. This water not only contains nutrition, but also potential toxins and microbes from the environment. As an immunologist, you are curious about how S. laker protects itself from environmental threats.

1. What are 3 different mechanisms that S. laker might prevent microbial infection or toxin exposure during feeding? Briefly explain. Describe how you would experimentally test whether S. laker uses this mechanism.

A child has severe intellectual disability, developmental delay, autism and unusual facial features, His mother had a learning disability and slightly delayed development. Genome sequencing as well as karyotyping reveal that the child has excess material from chromosome 9 and 14 and too little from chromosome 10. Th mother has all of the genetic material, but she has four “derivative” chromosomes – they have seemingly mixed and matched their parts. These chromosomes consist of pieces of 9, 10, and 14; 9, 10, and 16; and 9 and 4.

a. What chromosomal event has likely occurred?
b. How can the nature of the chromosomal event explain the mother’s learning disability and developmental delay, but good health otherwise and a full genome?

1. A 14-year-old male from Tondo, Leandro, was seen at the hospital because of delayed development. His mother recalls that when he turned 6 months old, he could not hold his head up when other babies aged 3 months old could do so. At age 13 months, his mother told the doctor that unlike other children of the same age, Leandro could not utter comprehensible words and could not walk. Upon further prodding by the doctor, the mother claimed that for the last few months, Leandro was having difficulty defecating and that his hair was scanty, coarse, and brittle prompting her to shave it anyway. The doctor then proceeded with his physical examination. He noted that Leandro had macroglossia, enlarged abdomen, and small for his age. At this point, the mother showed the doctor Leandro’s newborn screening result which confirmed the doctor’s diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism.

a. Describe congenital hypothyroidism including its pathophysiology and relate it to Leandro’s physical findings and delayed development.
b. What could happen to Leandro if he is not managed properly?
c. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is part of the newborn screening (NBS) program of the Philippines. It is one of 6 disorders that are detected in the basic NBS kit. Enumerate the other 5 disorders detected in the NBS kit.
d. Enumerate the differences between the basic NBS kit and the newly introduced expanded NBS kit.
e. As a future medical technologist, are you allowed to perform newborn screening to a patient? If no, who else can perform it? If yes, which legal document authorizes you to perform the test?
f. Will you consider having your future child undergo newborn screening? If no, why not? If yes, which would you prefer, the basic or the expanded?

A patient visited physician and complained about the following symptoms: I visited Egypt, painful ulcers on skin appeared after three weeks, the ulcer was moist.

1. What is the disease and its etiologic agent _________________________________

2. Describe the general characteristics of the agent______________________________

3. How is the disease transmitted?_________________________________

4. What other symptoms are caused by this agent?_____________________________

5. How can it be prevented?_____________________________________

6. What diagnostic methods are used?___________________________________

A patient visited physician and complained about the following symptoms: I am HIV infected; I have short breath, frequent unproductive cough, headache and high temperature.

1. What is the disease and its etiologic agent _________________________________

2. Describe the general characteristics of the agent______________________________

3. How is the disease transmitted?_________________________________

4. What other symptoms are caused by this agent?_____________________________

5. How can it be prevented?_____________________________________

6. What diagnostic methods are used?___________________________________