1. Describe the functional events in the negative feedback control of low blood volume and low blood pressure by the renin – angiotensin – aldosterone (RAA) system. Include potential causes, and the cascade of enzymes, prohormones and hormones, along with their sources.
2. Describe the structure and basic functions of juxtamedullary nephrons.
3. Describe the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve and how hemoglobin dissociation increases with exercise. How does pH, temperature, the partial pressure of CO₂ and 2,3-DPG affect the dissociation curves?  

Dr. John Snow is best known for his work, which is coined “shoe leather epidemiology.” Provide a short summary of a modern-day epidemiologic surveillance activity.  

1. How is it similar and/or different from John Snow’s work?
2. Why is this important for public health?   

1. What information is gathered through this surveillance program? What kind of data, and who is collecting it?

Describe at least 3 basic defenses operating to prevent lower respiratory system infections

Trace a drop of blood from the frontal lobe to the left toe.

Lipid digestion and absorption is particularly challenging. Describe lipid digestion, absorption, and the mechanisms by which lipids are transported in the blood. Why are lipids so challenging to manage in digestion?

1)

a. What light-sensing structure is made up of ommatidia?

b. What structures transfer electrical signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells in the

vertebrate eye?

c. Blue light from a laptop screen enters a student’s eye. What is the correct order in which electrical

signals are sent to the student’s brain?

d. What step occurs third in for a photoreceptor converting a light stimulus into an electrical signal?

thank you in advance!

1. Which of the following statements is false?

a. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell has a plateau.

b. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell has three phases.

c. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell has a gradual depolarization.

d. The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell returns to rest.

2. The electrical axis of the heart corresponds to:

a. The conduction of the heart

b. The cardiac contractile cell action potential

c. The cardiac nodal cell action potential

d. The orientation of the heart

A couple is having difficulty conceiving a baby. After various tests, it was found that the woman cannot ovulate. Describe endocrine alterations that could explain why she cannot ovulate. Ensure that you describe relevant tissues and feedback mechanisms in your answer.

What is negative feedback? How does a negative feedback loop regulate hormone release? Which of the unknown hormones here showed a negative feedback effect (ACTH, LH, Testosterone, TRH, Cortisol, TSH)? How do we know this?

Define hypertrophy. Explain what kind of cellular changes a hormone would have to make to cause hypertrophy of its target tissue/organ.

Write a concise but complete explanation of how the anatomical structure of the kidney enables it to produce concentrated urine.

If you contract just your right erector spinae muscles, what movement will occur?

How would you design your system to protect the girl's privacy?

47. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all be converted to and later enters . a. triglyceride // glycolysis b. carbon dioxide // fermentation c. pyruvate // the Krebs cycle d. fat // the electron transport chain    e. NADH // the Krebs cycle

49. There are two general metabolic states: absorptive and postabsorptive. All the following processes would occur in the postabsorptive state EXCEPT? a. gluconeogenesis b. glycogenesis c. lipolysis d. glycogenolysis e. glycolysis