The endocrine system consists of several different glands. These include the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, and adrenal glands, along with the pancrease and the gonads (ovaries for women, and testes for men). Please answer the question: which of these glands do you believe is most important? Explain why and defend your answer. Your response should be a minimum of 100 words, with in-text citations and references.

1. List the stages of development that occur (in order) from ovulation to implantation

2. What is the function of the penile corpora in the male?

3. What hormones from the pituitary gland regulate meiosis (gametogenesis)?

Describe and explain the effects of thyroid hormones on O₂ consumption and metabolic rate. In what ways do the thyroid hormones cause those effects? State whether the responses to thyroid hormones are immediate or whether they take some time to develop?

Case Study –Fibrothorax Lori was 43 years old when her pulmonary problems started. She got extremely ill and was forced to take a week off of work. During this time her body temperature was 41oC and she experienced severe dyspnea (had to stop for breath after walking for 100 yards). She was coughing and producing large amounts of rust colored sputum. She was diagnosed with lobar pneumonia with pleural empyema. She was treated with antibiotic and the infection was controlled. After she returned to work she was still experiencing moderate dyspnea. To determine the reason for the lingering symptoms she underwent several pulmonary function tests. Blood gas measurements and ventilatory function measurements yielded the following: PaO2 75 mmHg PaCO2 50 mmHg Residual Volume (RV) 2250 ml Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) 2680 ml Force Expiratory Volume (FEV1) 2420 ml It was determined that the pleural exudates had organized into fibrothorax. Her doctor suggested that a decortication surgery might be indicated. She is consulting with her family to decide if she wants to undergo this procedure.

1. What is dyspnea? Why is Lori experiencing this symptom?

2. What is lobar pneumonia? How does it compare to lobular or interstitial pneumonia?

3. What is pleural empyema? How does it relate to the infection she suffered from?

4. Do these blood gas results tell you anything about Loris pulmonary function?

5. Do these ventilatory function measurements tell you anything about her disease? Is she suffering from a restrictive or an obstructive disorder?

6. Do you think she should have the surgery? Why?

A patient’s GFR is 125 ml/min, and his urine is produced at a rate of 1.25 ml/min. (A) By what factor is the inulin concentrated in his urine. (B) The concentration of glucose in his plasma is 5 mmol/l. His renal reabsorption of glucose is completely inhibited. What would be the concentration of glucose in his urine.

The German physician Robert Koch (1843-1910) established a procedure for diagnosing causes of infection. In his research with anthrax, Koch developed the following four-step procedure, known as Koch’s postulates, as a guide for identifying specific pathogens. Biologists have used Koch’s postulates to identify many pathogens

1. The pathogen must be found in an animal with the disease and not in a healthy animal.
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the sick animal and grown in a laboratory culture.
3. When the isolated pathogen is injected into a healthy animal, the animal must develop the disease.
4. The pathogen should be taken from the second animal and grown in laboratory culture. The pathogen should be the same as the original pathogen.

Looking at the above statements, how is it possible that, in spite of being injected with a pathogen isolated from a sick animal, another animal remains healthy?

A) There is not enough information to make a conclusion

B) The healthy animal immune system recognizes the pathogen as self

C) Such incident cannot happen – the injected animal will always be sick

D) Most likely, the other animal already encountered the e specific pathogen and the animal is immune

In terms of acute exercise, what would happen to the following variables over the course of 2 hours of constant exercise? Increase, decrease, remain the same?

a. Cardiac output (increase, decrease, remain the same)

b. Stroke volume (increase, decrease, remain the same)

c. Heart rate (increase, decrease, remain the same)

d. ADH secretion (increase, decrease, remain the same)

e. Venous return (increase, decrease, remain the same)

f. EDV (increase, decrease, remain the same)

g. Plasma volume (increase, decrease, remain the same)

How does taking in too much oxygen impact the human body and what homeostatic systems does your body have to correct an excess amount of oxygen?

The standard HIV test detects HIV antibodies rather than the virus itself. When a person becomes infected with HIV, it takes a few weeks for the HIV test to indicate a positive result. Based on the information provided, which of the following processes occurs in the time between infection and detection?

A) cell-mediated immunity

B) more macrophages are produced

C) more viruses are produced

D) humoral immunity

6. Discuss how the fin-fold theory explains the structural similarity/homology of bones of the pelvic and pectoral fins of fish and the forelimbs and hindlimbs of Tetrapods. What is the function of fins? What is the function of limbs? What is the basic bone organization of fish fins? What is the basic bone organization of Tetrapod fore/hind limbs?

A bed ridden patient with edema in their lower right leg develops a pressure induced skin ulcer in the area of the right heel. EXPLAIN what challenges the body has to overcome to fight the infection, how the body would possibly fight the infection and what would be the probable prognosis and why?

1. Examine how the effect of science and technology had an impact on the world as it applies to policing.
2. Compare the benefits and challenges that policing has encountered as a result of interactions with science and technology.