1) Explain the anatomical breakdown of a muscle.

2) What is excitation-contraction coupling?

3) Explain the sliding filament theory.

4) What happens to a muscle if an action potential stops stimulating a muscle fiber?

Task 1:

Which one is more superficial? A or B? Answer:
1. A. Rectus femoris OR B. Sartorius ______
2. A. Gastrocnemius OR B. Soleus ______
3. A. Internal oblique OR B. Rectus abdominis ______
4. A. Flexor digitorum superficialis OR B. Flexor digitorum profundus ______
5. A. Biceps brachii OR B. Brachialis ______
6. A. Pronator teres OR B. Supinator ______
7. A. Masseter OR B. Buccinator ______
8. A. External intercostal OR B. Internal intercostal ______
9. A. Trapezius OR B. Rhomboid minor ______
10. A. Depressor labii inferioris OR B. Mentalis

11. A. Masseter OR B. Medial pterygoid _____

12. A. Sternocleidomastoid OR B. Platysma ______

13. A. Posterior scalene muscles OR B. Trapezius ______
14. A. Trapezius OR B. Omohyoid ______
15. A. Erector spinae OR B. Serratus posterior ______
16. A. Semispinalis capitis OR B. Splenius capitis ______
17. A. Pectoralis major OR B. Pectoralis minor ______
18. A. Serratus anterior OR B. External intercostal ______
19. A. Quadratus femoris OR B. Gluteus maximus ______
20. A. Extensor digitorum longus OR B. Tibialis anterior____

Task 2. – Organizational patterns and shapes of skeletal muscle fibers

Provide an example for each pattern/shape.

1. Circular
__________________________________________________________
2. Unipennate
__________________________________________________________
3. Bipennate
__________________________________________________________
4. Multipennate
__________________________________________________________
5. Parallel
__________________________________________________________
6. Convergent
__________________________________________________________
7. Fusiform
__________________________________________________________
8. “Triangular”
__________________________________________________________
9. Trapezoid
__________________________________________________________
10. Diamond-shaped
__________________________________________________________

Task 3. – Naming based on location (body region), action, origin and insertion, size, shape, and orientation of muscle fibers
Provide an example for each naming.
1. Body region
__________________________________________________________
2. Action
__________________________________________________________
3. Size
__________________________________________________________
4. Shape
__________________________________________________________
5. Orientation of fibers
__________________________________________________________

Task 4. – List the muscles of….
1. Facial expression (18): number in parenthesis means the number of muscles I am looking for (order is irrelevant)
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________
12. __________________________________________________________
13. __________________________________________________________
14. __________________________________________________________
15. __________________________________________________________
16. __________________________________________________________
17. __________________________________________________________
18. __________________________________________________________

Imagine you take a drug that increases the rate of Na reabsorption by your kidneys. All else equal, which of the following will be true?

A The volume of urine you produce per unit time will be lower after taking the drug.

B The volume of urine you produce per unit time will be the same after taking the drug.

C The volume of urine you produce per unit time will be higher after taking the drug.

The GI tract is lined by a series of tissues in an organized way. Describe the four layers of the GI tract (5 points). Using the stomach as a model organ, discuss the various cell types that exist, their function, and the communication that exists amongst the various cell types in order to accomplish its digestive function. Be sure to explain the types of communication that are present (e.g. autocrine, paracrine, endocrine etc.) (10 points)

1. Marissa is in the 4th month of her first pregnancy. Although she has no major health problems, her pre-pregnancy BMI was 32.2. Based on this information, she has a high risk of developing ________.

Multiple Choice

• hypertension

• cystic fibrosis

• megaloblastic anemia

• osteomalacia

2. An athlete who weighs 75 kg should consume ________ g of protein daily.

Multiple Choice

• 90 to 150

• 150 to 250

• 75 to 100

• 60 to 110

3. Which of the following individuals is most likely to develop osteoporosis?

Multiple Choice

• A tall 35-year-old African-American woman who consumes 3 cups of dairy products daily.

• A 30-year-old overweight Hispanic man who plays basketball 5 days a week.

• A sedentary white male college student who smokes cigarettes.

• A 25-year-old white woman who exposes her skin to sunlight every day for at least 30 minutes.

Which of these muscles involves any joint:

(list the number or highlight the ones that have joints involved) - you don't have tell me what specific joints. just yes or no for each

1. Masseter & temporalis
2. Lateral rectus (of the eye)
3. Sternocleidomastoid
4. Rectus abdominus
5. Multifidi
6. Trapezius
7. External oblique & internal oblique (one on the right and one on the left)
8. Pectoralis major
9. Deltoid
10. Latissimus dorsi
11. Supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor (three of the four rotator cuff muscles)
12. Biceps brachii & pronator teres
13. Triceps brachii
14. Extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnarus & extensor retinaculum
15. Gluteus maximus & gluteus medius
16. Adductor longus
17. Rectus femoris
18. Hamstrings: biceps femoris, semitendinosus & semimembranosus
19. Gastrocnemius
20. Tibialis anterior

45. Still on the topic of CO, would you expect this gas to be deadly to a cockroach in the same way it is for us? Explain why or why not?

What is the direction of the fiber / muscle contraction: ( LEFT, RIGHT, UP, OR DOWN )

1. Supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor (three of the four rotator cuff muscles)
2. Biceps brachii & pronator teres
3. Triceps brachii
4. Extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnarus & extensor retinaculum
5. Gluteus maximus & gluteus medius
6. Adductor longus
7. Rectus femoris
8. Hamstrings: biceps femoris, semitendinosus & semimembranosus
9. Gastrocnemius
10. Tibialis anterior

Weight Loss surgery is becoming more and more popular as a treatment method for dangerously obese individuals. Listed below are three examples of individuals who may be a candidate for bariatric surgery.

Would you recommend bariatric surgery to any of these individuals? Make sure you explain why you would or why you wouldn’t recommend surgery for each person.

Person 1: A 75-year-old male, 5’9”, 290 lbs. He has always carried extra weight throughout his life, but in recent years has gained significant amounts of weight. He is diabetic and has a family history of heart disease.

Person 2: A 16-year-old female, 5’3”, 250 lbs. Raised in a family with poor dietary habits, she has been overweight and obese her entire life. Despite many, many failed diet attempts, she continues to gain weight each year.

Person 3: A 45-year-old male, 6’ 1”, 325 lbs. He was a football player in college, but in the years since, all of the muscle mass he used to carry has turned into fat. He is still mobile but isn’t able to do the physical activities he wants to do.

Direction of fiber / muscle contraction: ( LEFT, RIGHT, UP, OR DOWN )

1. Masseter & temporalis
2. Lateral rectus (of the eye)
3. Sternocleidomastoid
4. Rectus abdominus
5. Multifidi
6. Trapezius
7. External oblique & internal oblique (one on the right and one on the left)
8. Pectoralis major
9. Deltoid
10. Latissimus dorsi

Think about the formation of urine. Imagine that you are describing the journey of a drop of blood, from the hepatic artery, to the production of glomerular filtrate, to the excretion of urine. What are the structures that the blood/GFR/urine will pass through, and what processes is the product exposed to? In other words - how is urine produced from the vantage point of a single drop of blood in the hepatic artery? Once you have described the normal process for this, pick one of the pathologies below and describe how the process of urine formation would be different in an individual with your chosen pathology.

Choose one:

Polycystic kidney disease

Urinary tract infection

Glomerulonephritis

Lupus nephritis

Diabetic kidney disease

You eat a piece of fatty foods. Describe the digestion (chemical, mechanical) that occurs in the mouth, stomach and intestines. Include a comment on CCK, bile and enzymes from the pancreas. Also talk about absorption into the blood/lacteal. Lots to this answer!

What is the pathway in a reflex like grabbing a hot handle of a pan on the stove? What are the chemicals our body uses to deal with pain without medication? What neurotransmitters are involved in feeling pain? What is Parkinson’s Disease? What area of the brain is affected? Which neurons are involved? What therapies are available to treat Parkinson’s Disease? Who is Henry Molaison? What are the different types of Amnesia?

Describe air breathing via a four stroke buccal pump (for each step say what physical event happens and what happens to the air). How is this modified in frogs for sound production? (6 points) Please answer quickly I will upvote immediately after. Thank you in advance!!!!!