Describe the histological changes that occur in patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. What is the etiology of the disorder? How does the etiology of this disorder differ from that of gastroesophageal reflex disease? What protective mechanisms does the tissue employ to prevent the tissue damage observed in disorders mentioned above?

Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and chronic ischemic cardiopathy are clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease. Define the medical conditions above. Describe the histological changes observed in individuals with this disease.

Describe the histological changes that occur in patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. What is the etiology of the disorder? How does the etiology of this disorder differ from that of gastroesophageal reflex disease? What protective mechanisms does the tissue employ to prevent the tissue damage observed in disorders mentioned above?

After the test results came back, Dr. T tells Y that the kidney anomaly in her fetus is likely the result of a congential defect in one kidney. However, he orders consultations with pediatric cardiologists and nephrologists to make sure there are not any other issues related to this defect. Consensus is that the full extent of the issue is not knowable until after the baby girl is born. Y's water breaks at week 35 of her pregnancy. Her daughter, A, is born at 2925 grams and 47 centimeters, with a normal Apgar score. Baby A is given urinary and renal ultrasounds, and given daily antibiotics as prophylaxis to reduce the chance of kidney and urinary tract infections. After a few weeks, Drs. Note that baby A likely have ureterocele. This is when the distal end of the ureter balloons into the bladder and forms a second, fluid-filled structure within the bladder itself. If not treated, it can cause UTIs, obstruction, or in severe cases, renal failure. To treat, Drs. Recommend a transuretral puncture. Baby A undergoes to procedure at 3 months old, but has complications resulting in kidney reflux, where some of the urine goes backwards up the ureter toward the kidney rather than into the bladder. At 3 years of age, A will need to undergo another surgery for her left (affected) kidney, to stop the kidney reflux. This surgery has a 98% success rate. Y underwent sucessful cervical conization surgery after her pregnancy.

7. What is an Apgar score? What is the scale for the score, and what information does it provide to medical professionals?

8. Describe the anatomy of the urinary tract from the kidney to the urethra.

9. How common is development of ureterocele? What is the general long-term outcome for surgical treatment to repair one?

10. How common is development of kidney reflux? What are some causes of this issue?

Paragraph explanation for each please!

List the pathway the electrical impulse takes from the right atrium to cause the left ventricle to contract. In other words, describe the pathway of the intrinsic electrical system of the heart to the left ventricle.

1. Your next patient is Mr. Johnson, who also has congestive heart failure. He is taking furosemide (Lasix) as part of his drug regimen. He says, “These are my water pills, the doctor tells me. They make me go and go!” Furosemide acts in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle to block the NKCC transporter (ie, prevent it from transporting Na+, K+, and 2Cl- from the tubular fluid into the tubular epithelial cells). Why does the furosemide (Lasix®) make Mr. Johnson urinate so much?

List 2 functions of the following organs:

❖ kidneys

❖ ureters
❖ urinary bladder

❖ urethra

2. Describe the locations of all the organs of urinary system

2. Locate and identify the following parts of the kidney: renal cortex medullary columns major calyces Ureter renal medulla medullary pyramids renal papillae minor calyces renal pelvis renal capsule

3. Briefly describe all identified structures in your lab report.

Table 2 illustrated a hypothetical urban-rural differences in suicide in Europe

Country Urban Rural

Denmark 80 32

Sweden 50 32

UK 26 18

 What explanation can you offer for these urban-rural suicide differences?

 Does this information change your views on the reasons for urban-rural? If not, what explanation can you put forward for this finding within rural areas

 Why would an urban-rural suicide difference disappear with time?

1. (3pts) What are the two main circuits of the cardiovascular system? For each circuit identify the general structures found within the circuit and the status of the blood found throughout that circuit.

2. (4pts) For the condition of hypotension, identify 2 possible causes and the predicted effect on cardiac output. How would the body respond to this condition? Be sure to explain your answer in the context of a homeostatic feedback loop, and to identify if reactions are local or reflex control.

3. (4pts) For the condition of hypertension, identify 2 possible causes and the predicted effect on cardiac output. How would the body respond to this condition? Be sure to explain your answer in the context of a homeostatic feedback loop, and to identify if reactions are local or reflex control.

4. (2pts) What is the role of blood volume in the long term regulation of arterial pressure?

5. (2pts) In the case of rapid blood loss, do you expect that heart rate to increase or decrease? Why?

You are chatting with your uncle at a family reunion and he mentions that he is being treated for high blood pressure, but that he’s not convinced his doctor “knows what she’s talking about”. Your uncle is very upset that he has been advised to restrict salt intake, lose weight, and commit to at least thirty minutes of exercise every day. He thinks the doctor is overreacting and that his heightened blood pressure is “no big deal”. How would you explain the internal control of blood pressure, and how would you relate the recommended lifestyle changes to what you know of blood pressure homeostatic control mechanisms to your uncle?

Cardiac myocytes (contractile cells) have a prolonged action potential including a plateau phase which lasts up to ~250ms. This is to enable a longer, sustained contraction so that the ventricles have time to pump blood out. In order to enable this ‘plateau’ phase (Phase 2):

Group of answer choices

Slow Na⁺ channels enable a sustained inward Na⁺ current.

Slow K⁺ channels enable a sustained inward K⁺ current, balance with Na⁺ efflux.

L-type Ca²⁺ channels enable Ca²⁺ influx which is balanced by a slight K⁺ efflux.

Only Na⁺ and K⁺ are involved in this action potential, just like a neuron, only it takes longer for the voltage-gated K⁺ channels to open and repolarise the cell.

What do you understand by the following histological components of nervous tissue?

a) Neuropil

b) Leptomeninges

c) Epindymal cells

d) Choroid plexus

e) Dura

Qn 2. Briefly describe the microscopic morphology and major function of the following cells found in nervous tissue?

1. Microglia
2. Astrocytes
3. Multipolar neuron

Qn 3. List the structural elements that may be found in the dorsal root ganglion?