13). How do merocrine & apocrine sweat glands differ in their structure and in their function? Explain.

14). It is important for the epidermis to be effective at screening UV radiation, but not to be too effective. Explain.

15). Your patient asks you which cell type in the skin is the most important cell and why? How would you reply? Explain.

16). Describe the stages of intramembranous ossification and name at least one (1) bone that is formed using this process.

the class is Exercise physiology

1. How to calculate CO, PP, MAP, DP, Fick.
   1. the equations
2. Different types of hemoglobin
   1. Oxy-, deoxy-, and carbamino-hemoglobin
3. Pulmonary ventilation & lung volumes and capacities
4. What are the responses and mechanisms of venous return during exercise
5. Differences between hemoglobin and myoglobin
   1. Responses of these proteins under lower PO2
   2. Gender difference in Hb
6. Acids and bases
   1. How to control (increase/decrease) acidity and alkalinity
7. What are causes of acidosis and alkalosis
8. Frank-Starling mechanism what is it

1. What are some physiological mechanism to control blood pressure
2. Name different blood buffers and their functions
3. Acid-base balance mechanism
   1. 1st and 2nd line of mechanism
4. What are the effects of hydrogen ions on contractile proteins
5. What are sources of hydrogen ions during exercise
6. What is Hb-O2 affinity

. Would you expect a good clinical outcome from a bone marrow transplant that used only CD150 negative cells? (Yes/No).

Explain your answer providing details about the way these cells would perform in a bone marrow transplant.

What chamber depolarizes during the P wave of the EKG?

Right atria and Right ventricle

Left and Right Atria

Left and Right Ventricles

Right atria only

Question 2

Which chamber (s) contract during the P wave

Group of answer choices

Right atria only

Right atria and Right atria

Right atria and ventricle

Right and left ventricles

Question 3

What is the purpose of atria contraction?

To stimulate the ventricles to contract

To open AV valves

To fill the remaining 10% of the ventricles with blood

Question 4

Do any heart sound occur during the P wave?

Yes

No

Question 5

During the QRS wave, the atria repolarizes and ___________

Group of answer choices

Relax

Contract

• A 2-year-old girl is brought to your clinic. Developmentally normal, her parents had noticed her to be bruising easily.
  
  Coagulation tests show:

1. What additional questions might you ask the parents?
2. Briefly outline how you would investigate the clotting abnormalities.

3. What are the possible explanations for these results?

The prolonged PT and APTT correct in a mix with normal plasma.

A 10-day-old baby, previously well, breast fed and born at home is found by his parents unconscious and bleeding from mouth and gums. The only history of note is that the mother had had a major post-partum haemorrhage and had required emergency admission to hospital.

A coagulation screen shows:

1. What is the most likely diagnosis?
​​​​​​​2. How would you confirm this?

3. Why does this occur?

.Microbial evasion of a human host has occurred and as a consequence of this, many effectors of the immune system are recruited and activated. Briefly discuss the specific connections which occur that specifically link the initiation of the innate immune response to an adaptive immune response.

Explain how and why each of the following is expected to contribute to the R₀ of an infectious epidemic.

1. Infectious dose
2. Mode of transmission
3. Length of infectious stages
4. Severity of symptoms
5. Social distancing

For acetylcholine, for norepinephrine, and for epinephrine:

Explain the biochemistry of each one’s synthesis (though you do not need to know the names of the enzymes involved in its biosynthesis), explain where each is synthesized (in which cells), know the mechanisms and/or enzymes by which each is removed from the secretory site.

--

Thank you!

Explain what takes place during the Chloride Shift at the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs and why this is important.

Describe the types of mechanical digestion (including propulsion) that take place along the length of the GI tract. Where do the different types of mechanical digestion and propulsion take place and what do they achieve?

Describe the types of chemical digestion (including bile function, although that is not always put into this category) that take place along the length of the GI tract. Where do the different types of chemical digestion and bile action take place and what do they achieve?