You are watching your niece who is almost a year old and notice that she is unconscious on the floor with marbles around her. Breaths don’t go in.

Endurance training can make muscles more resistant to fatigue. What types of changes occur within the muscle to allow for this? Explain.

1. Describe the pH scale, and define the terms acid and base.

2. Explain how carbonic acid and bicarbonate are formed in the blood and the functions they serve.

3. Define the terms acidosis and alkalosis, and explain how they relate to hypoventilation and hyperventilation.

4. Explain how ventilation is adjusted to help maintain acid-base balance.

Place the correct word into the sentence to describe the muscles of respiration.
a. elevate

b. depress

c. flex

d. extend

1. The internal intercostals depress (wrong answer) the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity during inspiration.

2. The external intercostals elevate (wrong answer) the ribs causing a partial vaccuum effect resulting in an influx of air.

I put these answers in but they are wrong need help

1. Describe the axis of an ECG lead and the vector of electrical current.

2. Identify the waves, complexes, segments and intervals on an ECG.

3. Identify the limb, augmented limb, and precordial leads.

4. Identify the negative and positive electrodes for the different lead configurations.

5. Describe the process of analyzing an ECG strip or recording.

SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between Type I and Type II alveolar cells by explaining the role played by each in the lungs.

2. The alveoli of the lungs have a significant amount of elastic tissue as well as pores in their walls. Explain the specific role of each of these (elastic tissue and pores) in alveoli.

3. Explain Boyle's law then use it to explain why air enters the lungs during inspiration.

Know the origin/insertion/action of the following

a.Pectoralis major

b. Deltoid

c.Trapezius

d. Latissimus dorsi

Also locate the Linea alba

Know the origin/insertion/action of the following

: zygomaticus major, masseter

The Women’s Health Nurse Practitioner evaluated Sara, a 17-year old female. Sara has not had a menstrual period for 6 months. Her history reveals that menarche occurred at the age of 12 years, and her menses were regular at 28-day intervals until they became irregular 1 year ago. Sara is a member of her high school gymnastics team. She has been spending long hours training with the team, as she hopes to get a gymnastic scholarship at her “dream” university – the University of California, Los Angeles. In addition, she has ramped up her aerobic exercise program to strengthen her endurance. She states that she often does not have time to eat or is simply too tired to eat after training and getting her schoolwork done. She often relies on energy bars. She denies abdominal pain or bloating. Sara appears emaciated. She is 5 ft 4 in tall and weighs 88 lb; BMI is 15 kg/m2. Her pulse is 54/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. The rest of her physical exam is non-remarkable. Impression - The Nurse Practitioner suspects secondary amenorrhea(i.e., the absence of 3 to 12 consecutive menstrual periods after menarche). The secondary amenorrhea is most likely due to her exercise program, which has increased in intensity and duration over the last 6 months. It is also possible that Sara is not eating enough, given her high energy expenditure. To determine the cause of her amenorrhea, laboratory tests are ordered. Laboratory Test Results Pregnancy test negative LH Below normal FSH Below normal Estradiol Below normal Serum total calcium 7.8 mg/dl (normal range = 8.6-10.3 mg/dl) Serum ionized calcium 3.9 mg/dl (normal range = 4.4-5.2 mg/dl) Serum vitamin D, 25 hydroxy 25 ng/ml (normal range = 30-80 ng/ml) Serum PTH Increased above normal Follow Up Tests: Given that Sara’s serum calcium and vitamin D results were below normal, Sara had a bone density (DXA scan). Results revealed a Z score = -1 (lower than normal bone density). Given the low LH and FSH, Sara was tested with a priming dose of intravenous pulsatile GnRH (1-2 mg/90 minutes). Results showed normal levels of LH and FSH, in response to GnRH.

1. Considering Sara’s level of PTH, describe what adaptive response might be taking place within Sara’s bone (i.e., focus on the inter-relationship between the cells within the osteon)? How does this relate to her bone density results?

Trace the blood flow chamber, do not include heart valves
Start Pulmonary Capillary

End at right Kidney

What are the trade-offs in the process of creating a system that can distinguish between self and non-self? How do you think the system balances the need to maximize recognition of potential threats with the danger of autoimmunity? Give an example of a way the immune system might prevent autoimmune responses, and a way a microbe might exploit that system.

A 71-year-old male with unresectable lung cancer went to a tumor clinic for a routine checkup. The only trouble he had experienced in the 6 months following his diagnosis was occasional coughing, slight shortness of breath, and a mild but nagging pain in the right side of his chest. He explained to his doctor that lately the right side of his face had been " feeling funny." His symptoms, upon closer questioning, included lack of perspiration on the right side of his face during her regular morning walks. Examination of the patient revealed a right pupil that was much smaller than the left, along with a drooping right eyelid. Recognized the patient's abnormal face and eye findings as Horner's syndrome, the doctor turned to the chest CT scan in his file to look for the cause. He knowingly nodded as he examined the copy of the scan, noting that the lung tumor, located in the medial aspect of the right upper lobe, had invaded the mediastinum and the ascending nerve tracts into the base of the neck.

1) What area or general structure(s) within the autonomic nervous system has the tumor invaded and compromised?

2) Using autonomic nervous system terminology, explain the reason for each of the three findings (lack of facial sweating on the right side, pupillary constriction, and eyelid droop)

3) Include a description of neural pathways and effector organs