What are the trade-offs in the process of creating a system that can distinguish between self and non-self? How do you think the system balances the need to maximize recognition of potential threats with the danger of autoimmunity? Give an example of a way the immune system might prevent autoimmune responses, and a way a microbe might exploit that system.

A 71-year-old male with unresectable lung cancer went to a tumor clinic for a routine checkup. The only trouble he had experienced in the 6 months following his diagnosis was occasional coughing, slight shortness of breath, and a mild but nagging pain in the right side of his chest. He explained to his doctor that lately the right side of his face had been " feeling funny." His symptoms, upon closer questioning, included lack of perspiration on the right side of his face during her regular morning walks. Examination of the patient revealed a right pupil that was much smaller than the left, along with a drooping right eyelid. Recognized the patient's abnormal face and eye findings as Horner's syndrome, the doctor turned to the chest CT scan in his file to look for the cause. He knowingly nodded as he examined the copy of the scan, noting that the lung tumor, located in the medial aspect of the right upper lobe, had invaded the mediastinum and the ascending nerve tracts into the base of the neck.

1) What area or general structure(s) within the autonomic nervous system has the tumor invaded and compromised?

2) Using autonomic nervous system terminology, explain the reason for each of the three findings (lack of facial sweating on the right side, pupillary constriction, and eyelid droop)

3) Include a description of neural pathways and effector organs

Write an essay about the male’s sexual response and describe one clinical case of your choice related to it.

Auto Injury : A Case Study in Acid-Base Balance

Mr. Wilson , a 60-year-old male, was on his way home from work after snowing all day. Mr. Wilson slide on the icy street through a red light where he was hit by an oncoming truck. The other driver suffered only minor bruises and cuts, Mr. Wilson demonstrated labored breathing and severe chest pain. Mr. Wilson was in the trauma centers ER in less than 2 mins. Mr. Wilson had experienced blunt trauma from the impact of the steering wheel after the airbag failed to deploy.

Mr. Wilson examination revealed, blurred vision, dizziness, headache, nausea, muscle weakness, hypoventilation, and a feeling of mental confusion. A Ct scan revealed bilateral fractures in the fourth, fifth, and six ribs and a possible hemothorax. An ECG revealed signs of ventricular arrhythmias. The values following values were taken from the results of an arterial blood gas (ABG) and urinalysis (UA).

Aterial Blood Gas (ABG)     High or Low

pH:                  7.1                        Low

P_co2:                            58                         High

bicarbonate:    33 mEq/L             High          

Urinalysis (UA)

pH:                  3.7                        Low

Short Answer Questions

1. Mr. Wilsons’s P_CO2 is elevated. Under normal conditions, what would be the PRIMARY mechanism that his body would use to reduce the amount of P_CO2 in the blood? Why is this mechanism not working in this case?

2. Describe how the high P_CO2 and low pH in Mr. Wilson’s blood are related in this case.

3. Describe how the high bicarbonate in Mr. Wilson’s blood is related to the low pH in his urine.

4. What type of intervention might the doctors and nurses initiate in order to address the hemothorax? Explain how this intervention will lead to changes in P_CO2 and blood pH.

Describe a drug delivery system that is responsive to external stimuli and how it works.

3. During practice, a women’s field hockey player was hit in the abdomen (right side) with an opponent’s stick. The athlete experiences immediate pain and discomfort. Upon evaluation the athlete complains of pain on her right side and slight discomfort in her right shoulder. Discomfort is located at ribs 8 through 12 in the intercostal spaces. Pain increases just below the diaphragm. After about 30 minutes of rest, the athlete begins to vomit and lose consciousness.

1. What are some indications of possible red flags?
2. What structures can be involved and in what region and quadrant are they located?
3. What pathologies would you rule out?
4. Does this athlete demonstrate any referred pain patterns? If so, explain.  
5. What do you think is wrong with this football player?

2. After 3 days of increasing abdominal pain, a hockey player comes to see you. He does not recall any incidence of direct trauma but has been working on his slap shot more than normal (pain increases during the wind up phase). He notes moderate discomfort while at rest and increased difficulty removing his shirt. There is no swelling or discoloration but upon evaluation you notice a slight gap in the lower abdominal musculature (two inches to the left of the umbilicus) along with tenderness. He has difficulty performing a straight leg raise noting considerable weakness in the abdominal region. The patient has no blood in the urine and no referred pain to note.

1. What structures can be involved and in what region and quadrant are they located?
2. What pathologies should be ruled out?
3. What do you think is wrong with the hockey player and what type of exercises can correct the problem?

1. A football player comes to you complaining of pain on his left side after falling on it while diving for a ball. He complains of some soreness over the lower thoracic ribs but most of the pain is just below that. He also noticed some pain in the left shoulder. After evaluating the athlete, you determine that his tenderness is centralized over the left flank (upper abdomen and back).

1. What structures can be involved and in what region and quadrant are they located?
2. What pathologies would you rule out?
3. Does this athlete demonstrate any referred pain patterns? If so, explain.
4. What do you think is wrong with this football player?
5. What are some red flags that this individual can experience?

what is an example of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociative curve and explain why this shift occurs, and relate it to oxygen binding affinity, loading/unloading of oxygen, and changes in PO2

Why are people with high blood pressure at a greater risk for having a hemorrhagic (or bleeding) stroke?

A 38 year old man comes into the ER with several problems. He has had the stomach flu and has been vomiting for a couple days now. He is lethargic. His pulse rate is high, his respiratory rate is 35 and his breath smells of acetone. His glucose was high and his pH was low. What is the problem with this patient? What is your possible diagnosis?

To what extend are IT professionals responsible for the surgery accuracy of robots they program?

students should provide an answer to the ethical dilemma through the lens of each of the ethical theories presented in lectures. These include utilitarianism, deontology, social contract theory, character-based ethics.

1. In one paragraph or less, propose the best solution to the following experimental problems:
   A) You are trying to do a two-colour FRAP experiment using epifluorescence microscopy. You make FP constructs of your two proteins and confirm that each retains its function within your cells. One of the two proteins is coupled to a green emitter and one is coupled to a red emitter. You test each FP construct separately within the cell line (cell-FPgreen and cell-FPred), and find that each protein (based on the FP signal) localizes to the nucleus, showing a bright fluorescence emission in either the green (strain-FPgreen) or red (strain-FPred), and you find that you are able to track the movement of each protein separately during a FRAP experiment. However, when you express both FP constructs together in the same strain (strain-FPgreen-FPred), you see predominantly red fluorescence. What might be happening, and how could you remedy it?