Question

1. What are the major hormones of the duodenum and their roles?

2. Compare and contrast the large vs small intestine (2 alike, 2 different seems good)

3. Describe lactose intolerance and its treatment / management

Answer 1

1. The duodenal hormones are -

a. Cholecystokinin - which is produced by I- cells of duodenum.

Action - CCK stimulates contraction of gall bladder and relaxes sphincter of oddi. This leads to bile secretion.

b. Pancreozymin - increases pancreatic enzyme secretion. Produced by I - cells of duodenum.

c. Gastric inhibitory peptide GIP.

2. Small intestine.

a.Mucosa surface shows finger like projections called villi. The columnar cells shows microvilli.

b. It consists of peyers patches.

c. It doesn’t consists of appendices epiploicae.

Large intestine.

a. Mucosa surface doesn’t consists of villi or microvilli.

b. No plica circularae.

c. It consists of anal sphincter.

3. Lactose intolerance - It is the disorder which unable to digest lactose due to deficiency of enzyme called lactase.

Lactase enzyme is produced by small intestine.

Three types of lactose intolerance. They are

a. Primary lactose intolerance.

b. Secondary lactose intolerance.

c. Congenital or developmental intolerance.

Treatment of lactose intolerance -

1. Advice to decrease the consumption of milk products which are high in lactose.

2. Adding powder lactase enzyme to milk products can give beneficial effects .

3. Probiotics can also used for lactose intolerance.