Out of the extensor thrust reflex, the flexor reflex, and the golgi tendon reflex which of these is the most simple reflex and which of these is the most complex kind of reflexes. WHY?

in a bullet point discuss the Importance of Smell to our everyday Life

V1 (Area 17 of the occipital lobe) is an example of a _______________.
a. primary activation region
b. higher order area of processing
c. association area of processing
d. none of the above

18. The temporo-occipital-parietal region is an example of a ____________.
a. primary activation region
b. higher order area of processing
c. association area of processing
d. none of the above

The primary point of activation for voluntary movement in the cortex is:
a. the post-central gyrus
b. the precentral gyrus
c. Heschl’s gyrus
d. Supramarginal gyrus

54-year-old man comes to him primary care physician because of gradually
worsening shortness of breath. He also expresses concern that her lips turn blue when she
ascends stairs. On physical examination, the physician notes increased anteroposterior (AP)
diameter of her chest, hyperresonance on percussion of lung fields, and increased respiratory
effort. The patient’s blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg and her pulse is 90/min. He has had well-
managed diabetes for 10 years and a 30-pack-year history of smoking. The patient is sent for
evaluation of him lung function.
Which is most likely during forced expiration?

Describe the following types of angular movements and give examples: flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, lateral and medial excursion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion.

Neuroglia support and protect neurons. The central nervous system (CNS) has four (4) types of neuroglia. Correctly match each cell characteristic with the correct neuroglial cell.

Line the centre canal in spinal cord

Largest neuroglial cell

Can migrate to through neural tissue

Produce, monitor and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Most abundant neuroglial cells

Maintain blood- brain barrier  

Many are ciliated

Many cytoplasmic processes with feet

Help to provide structural for framework CNS

Cell type includes ependyocytes and tanycytes

Smallest number of neuroglial cells

Forms cuboidal columnar epithelium

Lacking abasement membrane

Engulf cellular debris, waste products and pathogens

Contain many microfilaments

Adjust composition of interstitial fluid

Have some slender cytoplasmic extensions in contact with neuron surface

Small cell body

Forms membranous wrapping (myelin) around axon

Provides electrical insulation for axon

Maintain permeability characteristics of capillary endothelial cells

Phagocytes

Repair/ stabilise damaged neural tissue

Cytoplasmic processes each with very fine branches

Increases speed of action potential

Ependymal cells                 Astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia       

Identify the stages of spermatogenesis in sequence from spermatogonia to spermatozoa. How do they differ in the number of chromosomes per cell (haploid/diploid)?

9). A patient complains to you about their blurred vision. Describe three (3) possible causes for this blurred vision with your patient.

10). Sequence the events that occur in the ear during hearing by describing the structures that sound waves will contact on their way into the body & name the lobe of the brain that eventually receives the message.

11). Name & describe the structure & function of the three (3) layers of the eye from outermost to innermost.

12). Define excitability, contractility, extensibility & elasticity. State why each of these properties is necessary for normal muscle function.

QUESTION 7

1. Aerobic training is associated with alterations in the:

   	A.	Size of the left atrium
   	B.	Size of the left ventricle
   	C.	Size of the right ventricle
   	D.	Thickness of ventricular walls

QUESTION 4

1. True or false? Moderate exercise boosts natural immune functions and host defenses for up to several hours.

   True

   False

16. You have had a drastic rapid change in pH; the protein buffer system has been activated and it:

1. uses the amine group (NH₂) as a weak base to bind H⁺ so as to raise the pH
2. can be regulated by the lungs and the kidneys
3. is an important buffer inside cells and in urine
4. uses HPO₄ to buffer strong acids
5. is the least abundant and powerful of the buffers

20. Which of the following structures do the renal calyces merge into /become?

1. Renal Hilus                                            c. Renal Pyramid
2. Renal Cortex                                         d. Renal Pelvis

Use your own words to explain why a typical form of epinephrine is applied with a swab locally to control bleeding during nasal surgery. Why is this route preferred and how does this drug work?

How would volume measurements change (pulmonary volume and capacity) if data were collected during vigorous exercise (TV, IRV, ERV, VC, RV) in comparison to collecting data at when at rest? Please provide reasonable quantitative estimates, rather than just a qualitative description.

endocrine function of the kidney