Extreme challenges to an animal’s physiology allow us to explore and better understand the function of systems in the body.   Please address the following questions regarding the initial reflexive changes (before acclimatization) that occur in response to ascent to altitude.

A) Outline the initial global reflexes that occur in response to the low PO₂ at high altitude. Be sure to include all components of the reflex arcs for cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

B) Compare these global reflexes to local reflexes occurring in the lungs.

A)

Based on what you know about respiratory and cardiovascular physiology, describe in what ways (how) the anatomy and physiology of these artic mammals might be different from mammals from warmer climates to compensate for this?

B) Briefly describe why what you propose in (c) is adaptive for these large arctic mammals.

1. An individual has low blood oxygen levels, due to insufficient numbers of circulating red blood cells. (The erythrocytes are completely healthy; there’s just not enough of them.) Describe the processes by which the body stimulates the production of new erythrocytes. Your response should include a review of all body cells and structures capable of detecting low oxygen levels, the body responses that stimulate erythrocyte production, and the actual synthesis and maturation process in the red bone marrow. In addition, any short-term body processes that compensate for the low blood oxygen levels not involving erythrocyte production should be discussed in detail as well.

2. An individual has low blood glucose levels—not low enough to cause symptoms, but enough to cause the body to attempt a restoration to normal levels. Describe all processes by which the body induces the increase of blood sugar levels. Your response should include a review of all body cells and structures capable of detecting low glucose levels, the body responses that stimulate glucose production, and all processes for the actual synthesis of glucose. (While this is not a biochemistry class, a thorough discussion of the two major glucose production pathways is expected; a couple sentences for each will not suffice for full credit.)

1). Type II diabetes may result from

        a). obesity, b). autoimmune attack on alpha cells, c). autoimmune attack on beta cells, d). autoimmune attack on alveolar epithelial cells, e). none of the above

2).  In what week of human development does gastrulation occur?

       a). first, b). fourth, c). third, d). second, e). fifth

23).  The wet form of macular degeneration may be slowed by

      a). lycopene,  b). vitamin K, c). lutein, d). anti-VEGF drugs, e). c and d

Which of the following contains only C, H and O?

       a). glucagon, b). insulin, c). fiber, d). sucrose, e). c and d

Oogenesis is the biological process through which an egg forms. Without addressing the details of this process, discuss the different types of follicles that the ovaries contain and allow the development.

41a. What is the purpose of pulling up on one end of the towel during the cervical rotation with towel corrective?

1. Promote cervical flexion
2. Restrict motion of the cervical facet joints
3. Promote upglide of the cervical facet joints on that side
4. Promote downglide of the cervical facet joints on that side

b. A stiff/shortened pectoralis minor causes which compensation of the scapula?

1. Posterior tilt
2. Retraction
3. Anterior tilt
4. Depression

c. Regarding the ball wall push with hip hinge corrective, what is the purpose of using a progressively smaller ball over time?

1. To create a more stable contact point
2. To create a more unstable contact point
3. To increase activation of the pectoralis muscles
4. None of the above

d. What muscles are primarily targeted when your client performs the posterior shoulder ball roll?

1. Rhomboids and lats
2. Serratus anterior and rhomboids
3. Infraspinatus and teres minor/major
4. Supraspinatus and upper trapezius

e. Excessive anterior pelvic tilt is typically associated with weakness/inhibition of which two muscle groups?

1. Thoracolumbar extensors and hamstrings
2. Glutes and abdominals
3. Hamstrings and hip flexors
4. Quadriceps and calves

f. Why is static stretching of the hamstrings not recommended for a person with anterior pelvic tilt?

1. It could create more pelvic instability because the hamstrings are "locked long"
2. Because the hamstrings already have plenty of mobility
3. It could create more pelvic instability since the hamstrings are "locked short"
4. Because the hamstrings should never be stretched

g. For a client with excessive posterior pelvic tilt, what is the purpose of the cat-camel exercise?

1. Reduce spinal friction and restrict anterior pelvic tilt
2. Increase spinal friction and promote anterior pelvic tilt
3. Reduce spinal friction and promote anterior pelvic tilt
4. Increase spinal friction and promote posterior pelvic tilt

h. Why is it important to learn how to identify compensations seen during the modified Thomas Test?

1. Because most people have excessive mobility of the anterior hip muscles
2. Because most people have stiff hamstrings and weak glutes
3. Because the test identifies poor lumbopelvic control
4. Because most people have short/stiff anterior hip muscles

i. Your client is performing the foam roll mobility drill for her right quadriceps. How should you instruct her during the drill?

1. "Your right quadriceps should stay fully contracted."
2. "Your right quadriceps should remain completely relaxed."
3. "Your right quadriceps should stay partially contracted."
4. None of the above

j. Your client demonstrates right knee valgus while performing a lunge or squat. Which of the following muscles is likely to be overactive and have sore trigger points?

1. Left gluteus medius
2. Right gluteus medius
3. Right tensor fascia latae (TFL)
4. Right vastusmedius

Please answer all 10 parts to question

1a. Tendons and ligaments are similar because they both have:

1. a limited blood supply and low metabolism
2. an abundant blood supply and low metabolism
3. a limited blood supply and high metabolism
4. an abundant blood supply and high metabolism

b. What is the name of the outer layer of connective tissue on skeletal muscle?

1. perimysium
2. epimysium
3. endomysium
4. intermediate fascia

c. The functional units of skeletal muscle that allow it shorten are:

1. tendons
2. fascicles
3. sarcomeres
4. perimysium

d. In terms of muscle actions at the knee joint, the quadriceps and hamstrings are:

1. agonists
2. antagonists
3. synergists
4. none of the above

e. Skeletal muscle shortens when:

1. actin and myosin bind and slide past each other
2. it receives a signal from the brain
3. actin and myosin detach from each other
4. none of the above

f. A muscular force-couple occurs when:

1. actin and myosin bind and slide past each other
2. two or more muscles concurrently produce force in the same direction to produce one movement
3. actin and myosin detach from each other
4. two or more muscles concurrently produce force in different directions to produce one movement

g. When lifting the arm overhead, impingement of the subacromial space is avoided when:

1. synergistic actions occur between the pectorals and supraspinatus
2. a muscular force-couple occurs between the deltoid and supraspinatus
3. synergistic actions occur between the lats and deltoid
4. a muscular force-couple occurs between the deltoid and subscapularis

h. During a squat, your client's knees buckle inward as she ascends. This problem is most likely due to:

1. weakness of the hip adductors and external rotators
2. weakness of the hip flexors
3. weakness of the hip adductors and internal rotators
4. weakness of the hip abductors and external rotators

i. After a workout, your client mentions that he feels a deep, nervy pain in his shoulder that radiates down to his hand. You first course of action should be to:

1. explain that it's normal and no cause for concern
2. tell him to get cleared from a physician or physical therapist before your next workout
3. stretch his shoulder and see if it alleviates the pain
4. make a note in your training log to decrease the training loads for the next workout

j. Your new client mentions that he has left shoulder pain when pressing a 50-pound dumbbell overhead. During your initial movement assessment, what is the most acceptable first step?

1. Have him grab a 50-pound dumbbell and demonstrate the movement
2. Have him grab a 30-pound dumbbell and demonstrate the movement
3. Instruct him to mimic the left shoulder movement without any weight in hand
4. Have him squeeze a ball between his elbows

Please answer all 10 parts to question

state and explain external factors that affect the normal body temperature of a human being.

what structure in the skeletal muscle stores calcium?

is it

a) transverse tubules or b) sarcoplasmic reticulum?

What role does the Patella play in the patellofemoral joint complex and why is it important?

EW = Egg White

1. Based on your results, what was the effect of pH change on the digestion of protein? How does that indicate the condition happening in the stomach and what is the optimal condition for the digestion of protein in the stomach?

2. How would you describe the effect of boiling the enzyme pepsin on its ability to digest the egg-white protein? What is the technical term for this phenomenon? Please explain the result you have obtained.

3. Please comment freely on the fate of both carbohydrate and protein digestion in the stomach based on the result you have obtained from this experiment.

EW = Egg White

1. What do you suppose is the pH of saliva?

2. What do you think will happen to the activity of salivary amylase in the stomach?

3. What is the effect of temperature on the activity of salivary amylase? How do you think that this happened?

4. What class of carbohydrates is starch?

5. If we had used cellulose in this experiment, how could the results have been different?