Explain an action potential. Include triggering and all channels and flow of ions.

1. Rapidly flowing blood in the _?_ veins drawn lymph in returning the fluid to the cardiovascular system.

2. Any large molecule capable of binding to an antibody and triggering the immune response is called an _?_.

I stepped on a track and lifted my foot explain how that sensation got to my brain. Where I became aware of it and why my foot lifted before I was aware

1. In an EKG pattern, the P wave is caused by;

1. Repolarization of ventricular nerves
2. Repolarization of atrial nerves
3. Depolarization of atrial nerves
4. Depolarization of ventricular nerves

2. The pacemaker of the heart is the:

1. Purkinje fibers
2. AV node
3. SA node
4. AV bundle

3. Which of the following waves of an EKG is correct?

1. P wave-depolarization of atria
2. QRS wave-repolarization of ventricles
3. T wave-depolarization of ventricles
4. QRS wave-depolarization of atria

4. Which of following is correctly matched?

1. Tricuspid valve- permits blood flow from right to left atrium
2. Pulmonary valve- permits blood flow from left ventricle to aorta
3. Mitral valve- permits blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle
4. Aortic valve- permits blood flow from right ventricle to pulmonary artery

5. Once cells of SA node reach threshold:

1. An action potential is triggered
2. Heart attack occurs
3. Heart rate increases
4. Blood pressure increases

6. If two white sheep, where white gene is dominant, produces an offspring that is a black sheep, the white sheep is:

1. Homozygous dominant
2. Heterozygous dominant
3. Heterozygous recessive
4. Homozygous recessive

1. Hormone responsible for male secondary sex characteristics is:

1. LH
2. FSH
3. Testosterone
4. ADH

2. As a result of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:

1. Aldosterone is secreted from pituitary gland
2. Arteriolar vasoconstriction occurs
3. ADH is produced by adrenal cortex
4. Arteriolar vasodilation occurs

3. Which hormones enter cells and then decreases or increases mRNA synthesis:

1. Steroid and peptide hormones
2. Peptide hormones
3. Steroid hormones
4. Phospholipid hormones

4. Cyclic AMP is a common second messenger, which are associated with what type of hormones?

1. Peptide
2. Steroid
3. Both A & B
4. Fatty acids

5. Which of following is a granulocyte?

1. B lymphocyte
2. T lymphocyte
3. Plasma cell
4. Neutrophil

1. Sertoli cells produce ________ & _________:

1. Testosterone & Sperm
2. Inhibin & testosterone
3. Inhibin & Spermatogenic cells
4. Testosterone & LH

2. FSH stimulates:

1. Follicular development
2. Development of corpus luteum
3. Production of estrogen
4. Production of progesterone

3. LH is responsible for:

1. Production of FSH
2. Production of corpus luteum
3. Ovulation
4. Inhibiting gonadotropin releasing hormone

4. Corpus luteum produces hormones:

1. Estrogen & progesterone
2. FSH & LH
3. Estrogen & testosterone
4. LH & estrogen

5. If _____________ does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates:

1. Fertilization
2. Ovulation
3. Sperm production
4. FSH production

6. During follicular phase of menstrual cycle, _______ concentration is very low:

1. FSH
2. LH
3. Progesterone
4. All of above are correct

7. Meiosis is necessary because:

1. Fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material
2. Fertilized ovum will have too little genetic material
3. Reproduction would be asexual
4. Many mutations will occur

1.       An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would result in

2. Why do you need parietal cells in your stomach to produce red blood cells?

A.The stomach is needed for nutrition, and you need amino acids and iron to make red blood cells.

B.Iron (Fe2+) is absorbed in the stomach by parietal cells

C.Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, which is necessary to absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

D.Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor that binds Fe2+, allowing it to be absorbed in the small intestine.

3.   What is true about a person with a Rh- blood type?

     In what way does blood assist in immune function?

What is so special about hemoglobin?

3. What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

  Why does the hematocrit rise when a person is dehydrated?

2.   What values are correct for cation concentrations in plasma?

3. Albumins:

1. What is the osmotic concentration of a solution containing 300 mM NaCl and 100 mM glucose? Is it iso-, hypo-, or hyper- osmolar?

2. Ocean water has a high salt concentration compared to body fluids. If you were adrift at sea drinking seawater will not help you, and may make you even more dehydrated! What explains this?

3.   What you predict the concentration of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in a T cell to be?

A.130 mM Na+, 3.5 mM K+, and 2.4 mM Ca2+

B.4 mM Na+, 70 mM K+, and 0.4 µM Ca2+

C. 140 mM, 5.2 mM, and 0.2 mM

D. 9.5 mM Na+, 140 mM K+, and 0.1 µM Ca2+

Carbohydrates are linked to diseases of lifestyle.  Discuss this statement in which it becomes clear how the risk of colorectal cancer can increase.

If the pulmonary capillary partial pressure of a gas equilibrates with that in the alveolus before the blood leaves the capillary (gas diffusing from the alveolar space to the capillary):

a. its transfer is said to be perfusion limited

b. its transfer is said to be diffusion limited

c. increasing the cardiac output will not increase the amount of of gas diffusing across the alveolar-capillary barrier

d. increasing the alveolar partial pressure of the gas will not increase the amount of the gas diffusing across the alveolar-capillary barrier

e. None of the above

How does the Loop of Henle create a concentration gradient in the mammalian kidney?

Describe how fluid movement in the semicircular canals alerts the brain to movement. APs travel down which cranial nerve during this process?