Question

How does in vitro fertilization create what is called "three-parent baby"?

Explain the the different events that take place during the ovarian and uterine cycle.

What is syphilis and how many stages does it have?

Answer 1

Ans:-

1.

In vitro fertilization:- It is an assisted reproductive technology commonly known as IVF. In this egg and sperm is fertilized outside of the female body by extracting eggs from the ovary of the female and sperms from the male.

In vitro fertilization is created by removing eggs from mature secondary follicles from an ovary, and then the egg is fertilized by injecting a single sperm into the egg or by mixing the sperm with egg in a petri dish for fertilization. After that this fertilized egg is transfered into the uterus of the female.This is called in vitro fertilization.

Three parent baby:- It is the human offspring which is produced from the genetic material of one man and two women through the use of ART(Assisted reproductive technology) , specifically mitochondrial replacement or manipulation technologies and three person in vitro fertilization.

2.

Events that takes place during ovarian and uterine cycle are as follows:-

-Events of ovarian cycle:-

a) follicular phase :- It is also known as proliferative phase, it is the phase of ovarian cycle during which follicles in the ovary mature. The main hormones of this phase are :- FSH( follicular stimulating hormone) and GnRH ( gonadotropin releasing hormone). This phase starts with the 1st day of menstruation and ends with the ovulation.

b) ovulation:-In this phase mature egg is released from the secondary follicle. This usually occurs mid cycle, on 14th day if menstruation cycle is of 28 days. This ovulation occurs due to the rapid increase of LH ( luteinizing hormone) that is called LH serge.

c) luteal phase:- This phase begins after ovulation. It lasts about 14 days and ends just before mestrual period if fertilization is not occured. In this phase ruptured follicle converts into corpus luteum after releasing ova , this corpus luteum increases progesterone.

- Events of uterine cycle:-

a) Menstruation phase:-This is the 1st phase of the uternie cycle. During this phase women have their period. This cycle starts when the egg from the previous menstrual cycle does not become fertilised and during this phase level of estrogen and progesterone is also drop.

b) Proliferative phase:- It is the 2nd phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the utreus to grow or proliferate during this phase.

c) Secretory phase:- It is the 3rd or last phase of the uterine cycle during which the progesterone hormone is produced by the ovaries. Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum and it maintains the endometrium of the uterus in case of fertilization.

3.

syphillis :- Syphillis is a bacterial infection that is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, and this infection is usually spread by the sexual contact and it starts with painless sore.

Stages of the syphillis are as follows:-

It has four stages:-

1. Primary stage

2. Secondary stage,

3. Latent stage,

4. Tertiary stage.

Explanation:-

1. Primary stage:- It is the 1st stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, an-us(asshole) or mouth.

2. Secondary stage:- It is characterized by a rash that appears from 2 -8 weeks after the chancre develops and sometimes before it heals. A person is highly contagious during this stage.

3. Latent stage:- The latent stage of the syphillis is the period of time when there are no visible signs or symptoms of syphillis. Person have syphillis in his body but still he/she is without symptoms.

4. Tertiary stage:- In this stage heart , blood vessels , brain and nervous system are involved . This stsge is very serious and would occur 10-30 years after infection began. This stage can result in death due to damage of internal organs.