As we respond to the questions in this thread we will all begin to learn the "whys" of how food passes through the digestive system.

Let's start with a ham and cheese sandwich with lettuce and pickles. As I bite into my sandwich the teeth are present for mastication to begin the process of mechanical digestion and the saliva begins to mix with my food where salivary amylase is present and starts the digestion of the starchy bread. What happens next? (Think about the carbohydrates, proteins and fat in our sandwich)

Let's begin the exploration of the digestive tract.....

Mrs. Debbie Morgan is a 45-year-old female who works as a stocking clerk for a local home improvement store. While she was at work today a large box of metal rivets fell from a 20-ft.-high overhead shelf, striking her outstretched arm and knocking her to the ground. The ambulance personnel reported that she had lost quite a bit of blood at the accident scene and was “knocked out” when they arrived. To minimize further hemorrhage, the paramedics applied a pressure bandage to her arm.

You meet the paramedics as they bring Mrs. Morgan into the emergency room and begin to assess her for injuries. She is awake and alert, but complaining of severe left arm and back pain, plus she has a “killer headache.” To fully examine her injuries you remove four blood-soaked bandages from her arm. You notice a large open wound on her arm with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries Mrs. Morgan undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following:

2. One way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan (3 points)?

3. The body of Mrs. Morgan’s vertebra is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the vertebral body (1 point)? Describe the structure and function of this type of bone (2 points).

4. The diaphysis of Mrs. Morgan’s humerus is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus (1 point)? List and describe/define the layers (lamellae) of bone tissue found here (3 points).

Mrs. Debbie Morgan is a 45-year-old female who works as a stocking clerk for a local home improvement store. While she was at work today a large box of metal rivets fell from a 20-ft.-high overhead shelf, striking her outstretched arm and knocking her to the ground. The ambulance personnel reported that she had lost quite a bit of blood at the accident scene and was “knocked out” when they arrived. To minimize further hemorrhage, the paramedics applied a pressure bandage to her arm.

You meet the paramedics as they bring Mrs. Morgan into the emergency room and begin to assess her for injuries. She is awake and alert, but complaining of severe left arm and back pain, plus she has a “killer headache.” To fully examine her injuries you remove four blood-soaked bandages from her arm. You notice a large open wound on her arm with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries Mrs. Morgan undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following:

1) fracture of the left humerus at the proximal diaphysis,

2) depressed fracture of the occipital bone,

3) fracture of the 3rd lumbar vertebral body.

Short Answer Questions

Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions (1 point each):

1. hemorrhage
2. fracture
3. proximal
4. diaphysis

write a summary of a sheep heart dissection

1. What are the possible causes of pain in spine of the lower back?

2. What is the cause of burning sensation in the foot of a human and the possible remedies to that?

For blood to reach the glomeruli in the outer portion of the kidney, it must pass through the

a. renal sinus in the renal medulla

b. renal pyramids of the renal medulla

c. renal columns of the renal medulla

d. renal columns of the renal cortex

All proximal and distal convoluted tubules of nephrons are situated in the

a. renal cortex

b. renal pelvis

c. renal capsule

d. renal medulla

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed by cells in the

a. efferent arteriole and proximal convoluted tubule

b. afferent arteriole and the distal part of the ascending limb

c. efferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule

d. afferent arteriole and the proximal convoluted tubule

• Discuss the long-term repercussions of being a living organ donor.
• Imagine that you are Josie’s mom or dad and one of your children has the opportunity to save the life of another one of your children. Would you encourage him or her to donate an organ?
• If Josie decides to donate her kidney and then later chooses to continue playing hockey, what advice should her parents give her?
• What options might be open to Josie’s brother other than having his sister donate a kidney?

1) What will happen if Angiotensin Converting Enzyme production is increased?

Choose whether they increase or decrease:

a) Blood Volume

b) MAP

c) GFR

d) Vasopressin release

- - -

2) Will this cause a positive or negative sodium balance?

In 2015–2016

39.8% of American adults, ages 20 years and over were obese and another 31.8% were overweight.
18.5% of American adolescents, ages 12-19 years were obese

Using proper essay format, research and describe the physiological (biological) effects of obesity on the human body.

Please mention some of the causes of the disorder such as genes, hormones, intestinal bacteria, existing medical conditions and behaviors.

(Please be specific and give the name of genes, bacteria, hormones and other factors involved in obesity.)

Use at least one (reputable) scientific source (list websites).Your references need to be specific.

I need to trace your references back to the original articles you cite in your information paragraph.

What causes granular cells to release renin?

Select increase or decrease:

a) Parasympathetic nervous system activity

b) Sympathetic nervous system activity

c) Plasma Osmolarity

d) GFR

e) Pressure in afferent arteriole

f) Filtrate Osmolarity

Question 16

HCO3- is secreted from pancreatic cells into the pancreatic duct by which of the following apical membrane transporters?

HCO3-/Cl- antiport

HCO3-/Cl- ATP ase pump

HCO3-/H+ antiport

Question 17

All of the following occur during the Intestinal Phase of digestion EXCEPT:

Gastric motility increases

The secretion of Secretin raises intestinal pH.

The secretion of Cholecystokinin ensures micelle formation

Insulin is released from Beta cells of the pancreas

Question 18

Which of the following describes the interaction between extrinsic neurons and the enteric nervous system?

GI distention stimulates sensory afferent vagus neurons which synapse with the vagus motor neurons that connect to motor neurons of the enteric nervous system

GI distention and chemoreceptors stimulate sensory afferent vagus neurons which synapse with the motor neurons of the myenteric plexus

GI distention stimulates sensory afferent vagus neurons which synapse with the enteric nervous system causing peristalsis

GI distention stimulates sensory afferent vagus neurons which release Acetylcholine causing contraction of the muscularis externa

Question 19

Which of the following describes the action of a proton pump inhibitor such as Omeprazole?

It blocks the H+/K+ ATPase pump on the apical membrane of the parietal cell

It blocks the binding of Histamine to its H2 receptor on the basolateral side of the parietal cell

It blocks the steps of signal transduction involved in inserting H+/K+ ATPase pumps into the apical membrane of the parietal cell

It blocks the release of Histamine from Enterchromaffin-like cells

Question 20

Which of the following is co-transported with Na+ on the apical membrane of the small intestines?

Amino acids

Di and tripeptides

Fructose

Micelles

Peptides

Question 21

Someone with an obstruction of the common bile duct may exhibit which of the following?

An increase in blood levels of conjugated bilirubin resulting in jaundice

An increase in unconjugated bilirubin in the blood resulting in jaundice

Alcoholic fatty acid liver disease

Increased enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin

Increased excretion of urobilinogen

Question 22

Steatorrhea with macrocytic anemia may be caused by which of the following?

A resected ilium

A common bile duct obstruction

Fatty liver disease

Hepatitis

Question 11

Old Red Blood Cells are removed from circulation by the spleen. They are broken down and the removed heme (minus the iron) forms which of the following?

Bilirubin

Micelles

Bile Acids

Urobilinogen

Question 12

Which of the following causes contraction of smooth muscles behind a bolus of food?

Release of Acetylcholine by motor neurons of the enteric nervous system

Release of Acetylcholine by sensory neurons of the enteric nervous system

Release of Nitric Oxide by Interstitial cells of Cajal

The release of Epinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system

Question 13

H+ is secreted into the stomach by:

H+/K+ ATP ase pump

H+/Cl- symport

H+/HCO3= antiport

H+ ATPase pump

Question 14

Which of the following has the greatest influence on HCl secretion?

Histamine

Gastrin

Secretin

Question 15

Which of the following drains secretions from the pancreas, gall bladder AND the liver into the duodenum?

Common Bile Duct

Pancreatic Duct

Cystic Duct

Which of the following is TRUE?

The hepatic portal vein transports water-soluble vitamins, amino acids and monosaccharides from the small intestine to the liver.

The hepatic portal vein transports lipids from the small intestines to the liver

The lymphatic system transports water-soluble vitamins, amino acids and monosaccharides from the small intestine to the liver

Question 2

Which of the following is TRUE about the stomach?

It contains 3 layers of smooth muscle that contract to mechanically break up food particles and propel food forward by peristalsis

It contains Endocrine glands that secrete Gastrin into the stomach

Small polypeptides are absorbed by endocytosis from the stomach

Question 3

The intestinal phase of digestion _________________________.

Slows gastric emptying to ensure that nutrients entering the small intestine are digested and absorbed.

Stimulates the gastroenteric reflex

Maintains homeostasis of blood pH

Prevents gastroesophageal refulx

Question 4

The interstitial cells of Cajal are _________________________.

Pacesetter cells of the enteric nervous system

Afferent sensory neurons of the enteric nervous system

The extrinsic neurons that innervate the enteric nervous system

Question 5

Which monosaccharide uses secondary active co-transport with sodium (a SGLT) for absorption across the apical membrane of the Small Intestine?

Glucose

Lactose

Sucrose

Maltose

For this Assignment, consider that your patient has come to you with concerns of a family history of a genetic disorder. They would like information of the likelihood of conceiving a child with the disorder. The mother’s grandmother had the disease and the father’s brother has the disease. For this Assignment, select one of the following diseases as the focus of your investigation: Huntington’s Disease, Sickle Cell Anemia, or Cystic Fibrosis.

Apply the concepts of epigenetics and testing to help the patient understand the disease.

• Diagram in a Punnett square the likelihood that the child would have the disease.

• Describe the conversation you would have with the patient based on the outcome of the Punnett square.