29.Sarah and Mike have been trying to have a baby for over a year and decide to visit a fertility specialist. The clinician informs them that Mike’s sperm is not as viable as they should be. Which of the following could be a reason for this?

A. Mike’s sperm are diploid

B. Mike has been exercising too much

C. Mike is unhappy in his marriage

D. Mike tends to wear tight, skinny jeans that cause his scrotum to become closer to his body

28. The inner cell mass of a blastocyst becomes the embryo. If two inner cell mass form, what will be the result?

A. An ectopic Pregnancy

B. A singlet birth

C. Identical Twins

D. Paternal Twins

22. Patients can often alleviate symptoms of an asthma attack by using drugs called sympathomimetics that mimic the effects of norepinephrine. Based on this information, which is the most likely explanation for why patients with asthma have difficulty breathing?

A. Constriction of smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels leads to decreased blood flow to the lungs

B. Dilation of bronchial smooth muscle leads to diminished air flow

C. Interference with skeletal muscle neurons leads to decreased force of contractions of the diaphragm

D. Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle leads to diminished air flow

Explain SOME physiological mechanisms that could allow breath-hold divers to tolerate high levels of CO2 in their blood

Prescribing exercise intensity can be achieved using many physiological variables. One of the most useful manners may be to use respiratory gas exchange measurements. First describe exercise intensity zones based upon ventilatory equivalents. Then relate the following: heart-rate zones, lactate threshold(s), and VO2max to these zones created using ventilatory equivalents.

Explain the mechanisms for how electrolytes and fluid are maintained in balance during exercise (including but not limited to endocrine regulation of this). What are some of the negative consequences on performance in a variety of exercise intensities and durations? What are the evidence-based strategies that can be used to mitigate the detriment to performance?

Trying to make sure I'm answering these questions correctly. I'm confused on question d. I can explain why in terms of concentration gradient and the fact it's in a hypotonice solution which would cause water to go into the blood vessel, but don't know how to answer it in terms of hydrostatic pressure.

6. Imagine blood in a vessel that has an osmolarity of 300 mEq (a measure of the concentration of particles). Now, imagine that the IF around the vessel has an osmolarity of 100 mEq.

a. Where are there more particles: inside or outside the vessel? ___________inside__________

b. Will water enter or leave the vessel because of its concentration gradient? _______enter___.

c. Since particles are always in motion, they bang against the walls of the blood vessel. The pressure resulting from that banging of particles against a barrier is called hydrostatic pressure. Is the hydrostatic pressure higher inside or outside the vessel? _______inside__________

Explain your reasoning. Because there are more particles inside the vessel there are more collisions, which means the hydrostatic pressure is higher inside.

d. In terms of hydrostatic pressure and ignoring the concentration gradient, is fluid drawn into or out of the vessel? _____________________________ Explain your reasoning.

Explain what VO₂max actually IS and what it REPRESENTS for physical capacity.

Describe the relationship between exercise intensity and fuel selection. Make sure to use RER as a benchmark for our understanding of this.

Give a brief detail of the physiologic steps to muscle contraction. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

We have multiple important muscles or muscle groups in the body. Chose one of the following and detail its attachment, insertion, the part of the body it moves, and anything else of particular importance: quadriceps; biceps; triceps; hamstrings; gluteus maximus; gluteus minimus; gastrocnemius; Sartorius; rotator cuff; pectorals; wrist flexors; wrist extensors; or tibialis anterior. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

There are multiple types of cells in the nervous system. Choose one and detail its functions, shape, and anything special or particular about that type of cell. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

Commissural fibers

A) carry pain information to the correct brain structure.

B) are divided by the longitudinal fissure.

C) link the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon.

D) interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres.

E) connect the frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere.

In what ways are women disproportionately affected by indoor air pollution? In what ways are children especially susceptible to environmentally related health problems?

1a)when the kidneys detect low blood pressure, a compensatory mechanism to raise blood pressure is the secretion of this signaling molecule that acts to increase aldosterone release
a.PIP2 Calcium
b. ACTH
c. renin
d. EPO
1b)chemoreceptors form a reflex arc with the brain to adjust blood pressure. what happens if these receptors detect a high amount of CO2
a. you will see increased cardiac output and vasodilation
b.you will see decreased cardiac output and vasoconstriction
c.you will see decreased cardiac output and vasoconstriction
d. you will see increased cardiac output and vasoconstriction
1c) which of the following does not accurately describe the adaptive immune system?
a. it has the ability to remember antigens in the future
b.it must be primed by an initial exposure
c.it is highly specific
d. it pertains to a systemic response

Question

Data collected for a particular subject during the acid base experiment were

• time between urine collections = 30 min
• urine volume collected = 73 mL
• pH of urine = 7.12
• Buffer-bound H⁺ concentration = 4.5 µmol/mL

Calculate the:

• urinary minute volume (urine flow rate)
• excretion rate of free H⁺ ions
• excretion rate of total H⁺ (free and bound)   

Then compare the excretion rate of free H⁺ ions and that for buffer-bound H⁺ and explain why the H⁺ excretion rate calculated from urine pH underestimates total H⁺ excretion.

Please provide a clear and detailed answer to help me understand. Thank you!

There can be more than one correct answer!

12. Renin

A. increases Na+ reabsorption

B. is released by JG cells when macula densa cells detect slower

flow of NaCL thorough the distal convoluted tubule

C. is released by JG cells when the pressure in the afferent

arteriole increases

D. stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

17. Reabsorption of H2O in the medullary collecting ducts is by

A. active transport B. simple diffusion C. facilitated diffusion D. endocytosis

32. Emulsification of fat globules involves both mechanical

disruption of globules into fat droplets and then the prevention of those

droplets from reforming into globules with the assistance of

A. bile salts

B. micelles

C. phospholipids

D. chylomicrons

21. Why does the renal clearance of creatinine slightly

overestimate the GFR?

A. no creatinine is reabsorbed

B. a small amount of creatinine is reabsorbed

C. no creatinine is secreted

D. a small amount of creatinine is secreted

E. more creatinine is filtered than other substances

There can be more than one right answer!

14. Aquaporins are always present (no control over them) in the

A. proximal convoluted tubule

B. descending limb of loop of Henle

C. ascending limb of loop of Henle

D. distal convoluted tubule

E. cortical collecting ducts