Question

In 2015–2016

39.8% of American adults, ages 20 years and over were obese and another 31.8% were overweight.
18.5% of American adolescents, ages 12-19 years were obese

Using proper essay format, research and describe the physiological (biological) effects of obesity on the human body.

Please mention some of the causes of the disorder such as genes, hormones, intestinal bacteria, existing medical conditions and behaviors.

(Please be specific and give the name of genes, bacteria, hormones and other factors involved in obesity.)

Use at least one (reputable) scientific source (list websites).Your references need to be specific.

I need to trace your references back to the original articles you cite in your information paragraph.

Answer 1

Obesity

Obesity is the condition of excess body fat that has accumulated to the extent potential to cause adverse effect on health. It is characterized by body mass index (BMI) and physically as waist–hip ratio. BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 is considered as obese. Body weight is influenced by genetics, metabolism, environment, behavior, and culture. The other factors which affect are: sedentary lifestyle, physical inactivity, diet more of carbohydrates result in frequent eating, steroid medications which cause hormonal imbalance, psychological factors and illness such as hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and Cushing's syndrome

Genes associated obesity:

Genetic facors play important role in obesity which can be inherited from one generation to other. Several genes involved in obesity are

• ADIPOQ - Adipocyte-, C1q-, and collagen domain-containing -

Produced by fat cells, adiponectin promotes energy expenditure.

• FTO - Fat mass- and obesity-associated gene

Promotes food intake.

• LEP- Leptin.

When bound by leptin, inhibits appetite

• INSIG2 - Insulin-induced gene 2.

Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis.

• MC4R -  Melanocortin 4 receptor.

When bound by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, stimulates appetite.

• PPARG -  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

Stimulates lipid uptake and development of fat tissue.

Microbes associated obesity:

There is a strong relationship between obesity and gut flore microbes. Blautia hydrogenotorophica, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium ventriosum, Ruminococcus bromii, and Ruminococcus obeum are found to present in individuals who ar eobese. Lean people are enriched with bacterial species like Bacteroides faecichinchillae,  Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Firmicutes Blautia wexlerae, Clostridium bolteae and Flavonifractor plautii.

Hormones associated obesity:

Hormones paly crucial role in fat metabolism, apetite and satiety. Leptin, insulin, s@x hormones and growth hormones are extensively influence obesitya nd weight gain. They also decides the body fat distribution and increased storage of fats.

Intestinal bacteria associated obesity:

Intesntianl bacteria like Blautia, Dorea and Ruminococcus in the Lachnospiraceae family are found to be associated with obese people.