1. Explain the relationship between polar molecules, like water, and formation of hydrogen bonds.

2. What is the importance of hydrogen bonding for human anatomy and physiology? Specify within the following structures: Protein structure and DNA structure.

3.Describe membrane permeability for oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide.

Multiple Choice

1. Of the following, which hormone elicits sexual receptivity and increase of GnRH from the surge center?

a. inhibin

b. estradiol

c. progesterone

d. testosterone

​​​​​​​2. Which of the following explain why androgens and estrogens have important functions in the bone growth?

a. They affect the Harvesian and Volkmann cannals

b. increase the generation and lifespan of osteoblasts and osteocytes

c. decrease the lifespan of osteoblasts

d. increase the generation and lifespan of osteoclasts

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Multiple Choice

1. Of the following, what characteristic is present in fluids contributes to the osmotic pressure?

a. amount of particles such as minerals and proteins

b. amount of water

c. amount of elements such as hydrogen and oxygen

d. all of the above

2. There is a fertilizer used in pastures that has a chemical that affects the mesoderm. What important system in the body would be affected if a pregnant female gets exposed to this drug during the first phase of gesetation?

a. nervous system

b. reproductive system

c. digestive system

d. endocrine system​​​​​​​

Urgent!!

1. Inhibin is released in males:

when ejaculation hasn't taken place in a while

Continuously

After ejaculation

None of the these

2. Most tubular secretion takes place in the:

Distal convoluted tubule

Ascending Loop of Henle

Proximal convoluted tubule

Descending Loop of Henle

3. The ampulla is the site of:

oocyte release

capacitation

oocyte fertilization

implantation

4. Patients with poor GFR and renal clearance have:

osmotically dilute urine

high plasma creatinine levels

decreased tubular reabsorption

low plasma creatinine levels

5. The form of sperm that is the most able to penetrate an egg is a:

Spermatogonia

Primary spermatocyte

Spermatozoa

Spermatid

6.The primary female reproductive organ is:

The fallopian tube

The uterus

The ovary

7.Bladder infections are most likely to develop in:

the ureter

None of these

the fundus

the trigone

8. Tubular secretion of H+ usually is an indicator that:

the blood pH was too high

the urine wasn't acidic enough

the blood pH was too low

nothing - no significance

10. What is the cause of an inguinal hernia?

The one or more testis did not descend

The gubernaculum is too long

The genitalial process remained open

The testes descended incorrectly

11. Most low-dose progesterone-based birth control methods do not prevent pregnancy by:

Altering the endometrium

Slowing fallopian tube motility

Preventing ovulation

Thickening cervical mucus

12. Which of the following structures does NOT provide nourishment to developing sperm?

Seminal vesicle

Vas deferens

Epididymus

Prostate

13. Reasons that a woman may not get pregnant, even if her partner's sperm is healthy are:

no explainable medical reason

all of these

failure to ovulate

blocked fallopian tubes

29.Sarah and Mike have been trying to have a baby for over a year and decide to visit a fertility specialist. The clinician informs them that Mike’s sperm is not as viable as they should be. Which of the following could be a reason for this?

A. Mike’s sperm are diploid

B. Mike has been exercising too much

C. Mike is unhappy in his marriage

D. Mike tends to wear tight, skinny jeans that cause his scrotum to become closer to his body

28. The inner cell mass of a blastocyst becomes the embryo. If two inner cell mass form, what will be the result?

A. An ectopic Pregnancy

B. A singlet birth

C. Identical Twins

D. Paternal Twins

22. Patients can often alleviate symptoms of an asthma attack by using drugs called sympathomimetics that mimic the effects of norepinephrine. Based on this information, which is the most likely explanation for why patients with asthma have difficulty breathing?

A. Constriction of smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels leads to decreased blood flow to the lungs

B. Dilation of bronchial smooth muscle leads to diminished air flow

C. Interference with skeletal muscle neurons leads to decreased force of contractions of the diaphragm

D. Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle leads to diminished air flow

Explain SOME physiological mechanisms that could allow breath-hold divers to tolerate high levels of CO2 in their blood

Prescribing exercise intensity can be achieved using many physiological variables. One of the most useful manners may be to use respiratory gas exchange measurements. First describe exercise intensity zones based upon ventilatory equivalents. Then relate the following: heart-rate zones, lactate threshold(s), and VO2max to these zones created using ventilatory equivalents.

Explain the mechanisms for how electrolytes and fluid are maintained in balance during exercise (including but not limited to endocrine regulation of this). What are some of the negative consequences on performance in a variety of exercise intensities and durations? What are the evidence-based strategies that can be used to mitigate the detriment to performance?

Trying to make sure I'm answering these questions correctly. I'm confused on question d. I can explain why in terms of concentration gradient and the fact it's in a hypotonice solution which would cause water to go into the blood vessel, but don't know how to answer it in terms of hydrostatic pressure.

6. Imagine blood in a vessel that has an osmolarity of 300 mEq (a measure of the concentration of particles). Now, imagine that the IF around the vessel has an osmolarity of 100 mEq.

a. Where are there more particles: inside or outside the vessel? ___________inside__________

b. Will water enter or leave the vessel because of its concentration gradient? _______enter___.

c. Since particles are always in motion, they bang against the walls of the blood vessel. The pressure resulting from that banging of particles against a barrier is called hydrostatic pressure. Is the hydrostatic pressure higher inside or outside the vessel? _______inside__________

Explain your reasoning. Because there are more particles inside the vessel there are more collisions, which means the hydrostatic pressure is higher inside.

d. In terms of hydrostatic pressure and ignoring the concentration gradient, is fluid drawn into or out of the vessel? _____________________________ Explain your reasoning.

Explain what VO₂max actually IS and what it REPRESENTS for physical capacity.

Describe the relationship between exercise intensity and fuel selection. Make sure to use RER as a benchmark for our understanding of this.

Give a brief detail of the physiologic steps to muscle contraction. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

We have multiple important muscles or muscle groups in the body. Chose one of the following and detail its attachment, insertion, the part of the body it moves, and anything else of particular importance: quadriceps; biceps; triceps; hamstrings; gluteus maximus; gluteus minimus; gastrocnemius; Sartorius; rotator cuff; pectorals; wrist flexors; wrist extensors; or tibialis anterior. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

There are multiple types of cells in the nervous system. Choose one and detail its functions, shape, and anything special or particular about that type of cell. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

Commissural fibers

A) carry pain information to the correct brain structure.

B) are divided by the longitudinal fissure.

C) link the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon.

D) interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres.

E) connect the frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere.

In what ways are women disproportionately affected by indoor air pollution? In what ways are children especially susceptible to environmentally related health problems?