1. Describe all factors that result in rigor mortis that occurs after the death of an individual.

2. Please provide short answers to the following questions:

1. How is a skeletal muscle fiber categorized as either fast or slow?

2. Which skeletal muscle fibers have many capillaries and many mitochondria? Why?

3. What color are oxidative fibers? Justify why.

3. Suzane was riding her bicycle on a busy street when a car made a sudden right turn out of the left lane of traffic directly in front of her. Though she hit her brakes as hard as she could, she ended up crashing into the rear door of the vehicle at a high speed. Immediately after hitting the ground she felt a sudden, sharp pain in the left side of her thorax and experienced sudden dyspnea (shortness of breath, difficulty breathing). Given her symptoms, what has likely happened to Suzane? Explain as completely as possible the mechanisms behind her injury and symptoms.

4. Coal miners who spend years inhaling fine coal dust have much of their alveolar surface covered with scar-like tissue. How would this condition affect exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries? Explain in details.

5. A track sprinter has just completed a 200-m sprint. His legs are “burning” as lactic acid builds up within his muscle cells. This lactic acid is produced as his muscle cells increase the rate of glycolysis and fermentation to provide the necessary ATP to power the quick muscular contractions necessary during sprinting. The production of excess lactic acid in skeletal muscle cells leads to local acidosis (i.e. decreased pH) of the tissues.

1. What effect does local acidosis have on the delivery of oxygen to the working tissues?
2. What is this effect called?
3. Why is it important in this situation?

a)_Discuss the small intestine and include one usual abnormal finding

Margot is a 25-year-old, recreationally active female who is just beginning to train for a half marathon that is 16 wks away. She weighs 128 lbs and is 5’4” tall. She comes to you for advice regarding her training diet. Estimate her total daily energy expenditure and justify your answer. You feel it is important to determine Margot’s baseline VO2max to better prescribe an exercise program. Briefly describe how you would measure her VO2max (all testing methods and equipment are available to you) to obtain the most valid VO2. During her first few weeks of training, Margot does most of her runs at 65% VO2max. What proportion of carbohydrate and fat will she likely be oxidizing?

Margot is worried about eating a diet that allows for optimal energy repletion for her workouts. What total kilocalories and macronutrient composition would you prescribe for her to eat during the training period and prior to the race.

Margot goes out for a run during week 15 of her training program. She runs for 60 minutes at 65% of her baseline VO2max. Discuss how her substrate oxidation profile is different now that she is more trained. What other training adaptations have occurred in response to 16 weeks of training (Choose 3).

On race morning, Margo is dehydrated and doesn’t hydrate during the half marathon. Describe the hormonal response that will result from this scenario.

What do bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, and blood have in common that classify them as connective tissues? And what are their characteristics?

1. How is the contraction of a skeletal muscle cell different than the contraction of a smooth muscle cell? How does this aid in each muscle cell's function? 2. What is the purpose of myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers? Why is there more myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers than in fast-twitch fibers? 3. What is the purpose of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells and some smooth muscle cells?

Define temporal and special summation

Ms. Y has suddenly experienced a substantial loss of endurance capacity. Six months ago, she was a good runner and swimmer, capable of exercising for hours, yet now she can only exercise for a few minutes before tiring.

As the local physiology expert, you are called in to help the M.D. diagnose the problem.

Her red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels are normal. What problems do these results eliminate? 1 pt

Heart rate is normal at rest, but goes to a very high level (near 200 beats per min) even with mild exercise.

First, you must determine whether the primary problem is with the respiratory system or the cardiovascular system.

You measure arterial P_O2, arterial hemoglobin per cent saturation, and arterial P_CO2.

If the problem is with the respiratory system, what should the numbers be for these parameters? (2 pts)

Arterial P_O2

Hemoglobin percent saturation:

arterial P_CO2:

Explain why. 1 pt.

If the problem is with the cardiovascular system (such as anemia or a weak left ventricle), what should the numbers be for these parameters? Explain why (2 pts)

Arterial P_O2:

arterial hemoglobin percent saturation:

arterial P_CO2:

Explain why.

Suppose you determine that the problem is with the respiratory system.

Your next goal is to determine whether the problem is with alveolar ventilation (getting fresh air to the alveoli, as can occur with asthma) or diffusion (getting oxygen from alveoli to blood, as can occur with pulmonary edema). Assume you can measure oxygen (P_O2) in the exhaled air, the alveoli, and the arterial blood.

How should these P_O2 values compare to normal if the problem is inadequate alveolar ventilation? (3 pts)

exhaled P_O2?

alveolar P_O2?

arterial P_O2?

Explain why .

How should these P_O2 values compare to normal if the problem is a poor alveolar diffusing capacity? (2 pts)

exhaled P_O2?

alveolar P_O2?

arterial P_O2?

Explain why.

Briefly describe the pathway of light through the human eye to the retina. (right sequence)

make sure you have included all the components the light goes through in the human eye. It is essential to provide the components in the right sequence, starting from the more exteriorly located.

Hemopoiesis is the

• loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.

• production of only red blood cells.

• production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

• plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.

• migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Sputum is obtained by

• swabbing the mouth to sample saliva.

• a clean catch urine sample.

• the patient coughing up mucus from the lower respiratory system.

• a spinal tap above the chest.

• a throat swab.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is

• removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

• a source of carbon.

• returned to the atmosphere during respiration and fermentation.

• used by marine organisms to make limestone for their hard shells.

• All of these choices are correct.

The conversion of gaseous nitrogen (N₂) to the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) occurs during

• ammonification.

• nitrogen fixation.

• photosynthesis.

• nitrification.

• denitrification.

I am not sure if the ones that I did answer were correct and wanted to make sure.

Answer the following questions about the anatomy of muscle:

1. Combination of myofilaments lead to formation of ______________________
2. Myosin is the make-up of the ______thick______________ filament, while actin protein is the make-up of _______thin_____________ filament  
3. Plasma membrane of muscles are known as ______sarcolemma_____________________
4. Sarcolemma dips down into the cell to produce tube like structures known as _____________________
5. Connective tissue that wraps around multiple muscle fibers is known as _________________________ producing a structure known as ____________________________.
6. Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers is known as __________________________.
7. Myofibrils are combined together to form ________________________
8. Endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers is known as ___________________________
9. Two types of myofilaments are:
   1. __Thick_________ filament which is made up of ________myosin_______ protein
   2. ____Thin_______ filament which is made up of ___actin, tropomyosin, and & troponin_____ protein
10. Myosin + actin filaments are combined to form _________________________
11. Vertical division of myofibrils are called ___Z-line__________________
12. Contractile portion of muscle fibers is called _____sarcomere________.
13. _Sarcoplasmic reticulum______ structure of muscle fiber is responsible for storage of calcium.