It is a well-known phenomenon observed in drug addiction, that larger and larger doses of drugs are required over time to get the same effect (or high). Explain why this occurs based on the regulation of receptors the drug binds to and what feedback mechanism is involved.

1. How does the kidney regulate the pH balance of the blood? Include at least 2 pathways in your response.

2. Describe the events of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the kidney.

3. Explain how counter current multiplier and counter current exchange occur in the kidney.

Describe the following anatomical sections

1. Longitudinal in median, sagittal and frontal planes

2. Transverse at right angles to the longitudinal section

3. oblique at any other angles

(you can use diagrams for this question)

Part A. A neutrophil is chasing a pathogenic bacterium. Explain how it will detect and move toward its prey and how it will change course when necessary.

Part B. A mutation that destroys the GTPase function of Ras is an initiating event in many cancers. Describe how constant activation of Ras will cause increased expression of Cyclin D and S phase genes by the transcription factor E2F.

Part C. When the transcription factor E2F is activated, it can amplify its own gene expression and leads to the transcription of Cyclin E. Cyclin E with Cdk2 can phosphorylate Rb, removing the Rb’s inhibitory effect on E2F. These are two positive feedback loops that occur in E2F activation. What do you think is the effect and purpose of these two feedback loops?  

due to her daily training routine for dancing, this dancer has strong bones and good endurance in her muscles

1. what cells are responsible for building additional bone matrix?

2. which type of muscle fibers is most important for her endurance?

3. what type of metabolism would be prominent in those muscle fibers?

4. would there be a few or many mitochondria in these muscle fibers?

at the end of her dance, she must balance on the tips of her toes for a few seconds?

1. what special sense helps to keep her balanced?

2. what general sensory receptor will also send APS for balance?

the dancer must dance in time with the music. she knows this performance inside and out, but she must be able to hear the orchestra to know her cues.

1. what nerve carries the action potential for sound? name and number

2. where in the brain will this action potential go?

3. where in the brain does she recognize the music?

to support her training, this dancer must be mindful of her nutrition

1. give two examples of macromolecules that should be a part of her diet in order to produce ATP (be specific)

2. what process is responsible for breaking down these macromolecules in digestion?

3. what electrolytes must she make sure to consume in order to have a good muscle function? name 3

Damage to the ___ would likely result in paralysis, while damage to the ___ would likely result in numbness.

A motor cortex; somatosensory cortex

B hypothalamus; medulla

C somatosensory cortex; motor cortex

D medulla; motor cortex

E cerebellum; hypothalamus

for each method below describe a specific example of how it was used in the physiology part.

1. active transport

2. facillitated transport

3. exocytosis

fill in the table below with the requested information for each channel or pump

channel active or passive? Stimulus that opens the channel resulting membrane state: polarization, depolrazation, hyperpolarization, repolarization   

Box 1: VG-NA+

Box 2. CG-K+

Box 3. VG-K+   

Put the sensory transduction events in the proper order

___ Stimulus binds/stimulates sensory receptor

___ Action potentials travel along the sensory neuron towards the CNS

___ Neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-gated channel in the sensory nerve

___ Synaptic vesicles within the receptor release a neurotransmitter

___ A local potential is created in the sensory nerve

___ A receptor potential is created in the sensory receptor

Why would continuously open enterocyte CFTR channels cause secretory diarrhea and dehydration in humans?

Which type of IV solution would you select for Anish, and why? Your choices are normal (isotonic) saline, half-normal saline, and 5% dextrose in water (D-5-W).

Elaborate on the chemical digestion of fats, including specific enzymes.                               

      B).  Where are each of the following located?

             1). basilar membrane_______________________________________________

             2). Leydig cells______________________________________________

             3). corpus luteum_____________________________________________

             4). zona pellucida___________________________________________

             5). Sertoli cells__________________________________________________

             6). acrosome______________________________________________

             7). endometrium________________________________________________

              8). tropomyosin_____________________________________________

             9). podocytes______________________________________________________

          10).  ghrelin-producing cells_________________________________________

Mention any two external conditions that could affect the Water Sprinkler?

List any two smart products available use water efficiently ?

During exercise, which factor plays a greater role in fluctuating the pulse pressure (systolic / diastolic / both / neither)?

Why could a large blood loss potentially cause iron-deficiency anemia?

1. What is pH?

2. A blood sample with a pH of 7.4 would be considered acidic / neutral / basic?

3. Why must blood pH be regulated?

Directions: Write a response of at least 30 words each to the following questions.

1. What features distinguish the three types of muscular tissue?

2. List the general functions of muscular tissue.

3.   Describe the four properties of muscular tissue.