Case study #1

Mr. T, age 75, has been vomiting intermittently for the past 24 hours. His weight today is 165lbs compared to a baseline of 165lbs. Upon assessment, the nurse notes that his mucous membranes and skin are dry. His vital signs are: temp 99.4, pulse 120, respiration 32, and blood pressure 90/60. His urine output for the last eight hours is 150ml. On review of the morning lab work the electrolyte findings are: K 3.5, Na 145, and the Hematocrit and BUN are elevated.

Question 1: Identify a problem the nurse would be concerned about. Based on the findings above, what is a priority nursing diagnosis?

Question 2: List appropriate nursing interventions and how the nurse would evaluate the effectiveness of each intervention related to the priority nursing diagnosis that you have identified.

give short answers:

24) Describe how oxygen and carbondioxide are transported in the blood.

25) Describe the mechanisms responsible for haemostasis.

26) Discuss the determinants of vascular resistance.

27) Write an essay on the exchange function of blood capillaries.

Describe how airflow is adjusted in mammalian airways and the importance of pulmonary surfactants.

give short answers:

16) Discuss the movement of solutes across vascular capillary walls

17) Givean illustrated account of the histology of arteries and veins

18) Describe the structure and function of the valves in the cardiovascular system. Include in your essay reference to the valves of the heart and vasculature.

19) Discuss the formation of lymphatic fluid and its movement through the lymphatic system.

20) Write short notes on both of the following features of a normal healthy

21) heart: a. The cardiac valves b. The cardiac conduction system.

22) Describe the differences in the blood pressures that may be observed within different regions of the cardiovascular system. Include in your essay brief descriptions of the mechanisms responsible for the observed pressures.

1- Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the relationship between pressure and volume during normal lung ventilation. 10) 2- Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structural features of the respiratory tract. Include in your answer a description of how these features contribute to the function of the lung.

Give a shout answers:

6) Write short notes on the structure and function of the intima, media and adventitia of arteries.

7) Describe the pressure and volume changes that occur in the left ventricle during the course of a single normal cardiac cycle. In your answer provide brief notes on the function of the relevant cardiac valves.

8) Compare and contrast the blood pressures and bulk flow rates within the systemic and pulmonary circulations, including in your response clearly labelled diagrams and short notes on the contribution of windkessels and resistance arteries to the observed pressures.

9) Write short notes on the structures and functions of the intima, media and adventitia of arteries.

10) Describe the pressure and volume changes that occur in the left ventricle during the course of a single normal cardiac cycle. In your answer provide brief notes on the function of the relevant cardiac valves.

1) How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood.

2) Give an illustrated account of the structure and function of the gas exchange region of the lung.

1) Give an illustrated account of the structure and function of the lung.

2) Describe how oxygen is taken up in the lung and delivered to the tissues.

3) Give an illustrated account of the structure and function of the gas exchange region of the lung.

1- Describe how the body transports CO2 in the blood.

2- Describe the role of haemoglobin in oxygen transport and the factors that affect its affinity for oxygen.

3- Give a short description of the lung volumes that can be measured with a spirometer.

Describe the importance of the renal medulla as it pertains to reabsorption. Support your description by detailing at least three examples/processes/mechanisms of reabsorption

Discuss the composition of blood plasma