How is the position of the tongue affected by raising and lowering the mandible?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
How is the position of the tongue affected by raising and lowering the mandible?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer time than imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccine should be the external spike protein on the envelope of this enveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelial cells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell, is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the production of a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is not likely to be successful.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe the major differences between the stomach wall and the wall of the esophagus.
Name the various cellular components in the formed elements and provide at least one feature for each of them.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Give the functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); name the two main divisions of the ANS & list the functions of each division.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
According to the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve (= Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve):
In: Anatomy and Physiology
. Differentiate between the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions by locating their origins, contrasting their general anatomy & ganglia, listing the types of nerve fibers & receptors each use, recognizing the neurotransmitters released by each
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe how blood is pumped through the heart from the entry of deoxygenated blood through the venae cavae to the exit of deoxygenated blood out of the aortae, taking into account the roles of the heart valves and cardiac conductance in the flow of blood.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
The loop of Henle is considered an engineering marvel. If the loop were straight, what negative effect would it have on the normal functioning of the kidney? Give your answer with particular relevance to the different permeabilities for water and salt in the various regions of the nephron and how the countercurrent multiplier and countercurrent exchange systems help maintain the osmotic gradient across the cortical medullary axis of the kidneys
In: Anatomy and Physiology
a. What factors determine lung compliance?
b. Describe the role of pulmonary surfactants in stabilizing the alveoli to ensure that smaller ones do not collapse into larger ones.
c. At the end of normal respiration, a person has a lung volume of 3 L, alveolar pressure of 0 mmHg and trans-chest-wall pressure of -2 mmHg. At the end of inspiration, this person has inhaled 500 mL of fresh air into the alveoli, and the alveolar pressure is 0 mmHg while the trans-chest-wall pressure changes to - 4 mmHg. Calculate the lung compliance of this person, assuming an anatomical dead space of 150 mL (show the math)
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe how hyperventilation and hypoventilation affect blood CO2 levels, and what are the consequences of each one on hemoglobin saturation (oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve)?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Prolactin is secreted by the:
A. Pancreas
B. Adrenal Glands
C. Adenohypophysis
D. Neurohypophysis
E. Parathyroid Glands
F. Mammary Glands
G. Liver
H. Muscles
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe exocrine secretory cells and discuss its function within the body. Talk about common locations for the type of cell and discuss the clinical significance of the cell.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
The pressure of the baby’s head against the cervix stimulates the neuroendocrine release of:
A. Chorionic Gonadotropin
B. Progesterone
C. Prolactin
D. Oxytocin
E. Luteinizing Hormone
In: Anatomy and Physiology
When nursing a baby, the mother may also experience:
A. increased heart rate
B. slowing of heart rate
C. uterine contractions
D. sweating
E. nausea
In: Anatomy and Physiology