Insulin enhances the transport of glucose from the blood into most of the body cells, its secretion is controlled by a negative-feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the insulin-secreting cells, therefore which of the following statements is correct?

Select one:

a. A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn further lowers the blood glucose concentration

b. An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which further increases the blood glucose concentration

c. A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn increases the blood glucose concentration

d. An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn lowers the blood glucose concentration

Which of the following do NOT affect venous return?

Select one:

a. breathing/inspiration

b. epinephrine/norepinephrine

c. skeletal muscle contraction

d. all of the above affect venous return

Your body compensates for increased mean arterial pressure through the following

Select one:

a. Arterial baroreceptors induce a rapid change in blood pressure and the kidneys increase water excretion for long term reduction in mean arterial pressure

b. Renin is released into the circulation

c. Increased venous return

d. Glomerular filtration rate is decreased

Basic renal processes include?

Select one:

a. Filtration from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus.

b. Secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries.

c. Reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen.

d. Filtration from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus and secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries.

e. None of the choices are correct

The process of countercurrent multiplication involves?

Select one:

a. Osmosis of water out of the ascending Loop of Henle

b. Removal of excess tubular salt by the vasa recta

c. Removal of water from the medullary interstitium by the vasa recta

d. Active transport of sodium and chloride from the descending Loop of Henle

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system regulation of blood vessels

Select one:

a. Beta adrenergic receptors have a higher affinity for norepinephrine compared to epinephrine

b. Beta adrenergic receptors are located on all arterioles throughout the circulation

c. Norepinephrine activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of arterioles causes a vasoconstrictor signal

d. Sympathetic nerves release equal amounts of norepinephrine and epinephrine

e. Simultaneous activation of both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors will lead to a stronger vasoconstriction than if just 1 receptor type was activated

A person who is unable to synthesize vasopressin?

Select one:

a. Is unable to reabsorb water in the proximal tubule

b. Is diabetic and will excrete glucose in the urine

c. Will excrete a very dilute urine

d. Will excrete approximately 180 L of urine per day because they cannot reabsorb water after it is filtered

e. None of the above are correct

Which sequence of events most accurately describes the reactive hyperemia response

Select one:

a. Flow occlusion, ­ increased accumulation of metabolites, arteriolar dilation

b. Decreased mean arterial pressure, ­ increased accumulation of metabolites, arteriolar dilation

c. Increased mean arterial pressure, ­ decreased accumulation of metabolites, arteriolar constriction

d. Increased mean arterial pressure, ­ increased accumulation of metabolites, arteriolar dilation

e. Increased mean arterial pressure, ­ increased accumulation of metabolites, arteriolar dilation

Large land mammals of the Arctic endure very low ambient temperatures and stand on frozen ground for long time periods. This can result in large differences in temperature across the body. The tissue temperature in the extremities (feet and lower legs) can be up to 25oC cooler than in the thorax.

(4pts) Draw the Hb-O2 equilibrium curve and indicate on the graph what the usual effect of increases ­and decreases in temperature on Hb-O2 binding. Make sure to label your axes and curves on the graph.

(4pts) What impact would temperature-dependent shifts have on O2 loading in the lungs and O2 delivery to tissues in the extremities?

(8pts) Based on what you know about respiratory and cardiovascular physiology, describe in what ways (how) the anatomy and physiology of these artic mammals might be different from mammals from warmer climates to compensate for this?

(4 pts) Briefly describe why what you propose in (c) is adaptive for these large arctic mammals.

1. Consider the endocrine system and hormones.

a)What are the three general chemical classes of hormone? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
b)List the THREE physiological functions of the thyroid hormone. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
c)How are thyroid hormones transported in the bloodstream? Why? Do the hormones enter the target cell directly? Describe the sequence of events when thyroid hormones bind to their receptors.

Why does heart WEIGHT increase with body weight? detailed answer please

What is the higher brain center responsible for the pre-exercise anticipatory response and the primary drive to increase ventilation during exercise?

What are the different pulmonary volumes and capacities?

What 10 main muscles are used during shooting a basketball? Also indicate if the muscle is flexed, abducted, adducted, extended,etc. while shooting a basketball.

Describe the role, function and essential organs the reproductive system and all the anatomical structures.