Question

11. A pulmonary disorder that compromises the integrity of elastic protein fibers in the lungs may cause an increased compliance, poor elastic recoil and collapse of small bronchioles and alveoli. This patient would exhibit all of the following EXCEPT:

A decrease in vital capacity

A decrease in FEV1

An increase in % oxyhemoglobin saturation

Chest pain due to air trapping

12. The majority of CO2 is transported in the blood as:

Dissolved in plasma

HCO3-

Carbaminohemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

13 Patients with chronically high pCO2 blood levels breath due to a hypoxic drive. What would happen if they were to breath 100% oxygen?

Respiratory rate would increase in order to exhale the excess CO2

Respiratory rate would slow and eventually breathing would stop

Respiratory rate would increase producing a respiratory alkalosis to buffer their chronic respiratory acidosis

14. Normal, healthy people breath due to ____________________.

A hypoxic drive

A hypocapnic drive

A hypercapnic drive

15. Which of the following pertains to what happens when the diaphragm, external intercostal, scalene, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and sternocleidomastoid muscles contract?

This occurs during forced inhalation. Tidal volume measures the total volume of air inspired

This occurs during forced exhalation. VC measures the volume of air forcefully expired

This occurs during forced exhalation. ERV measures the total volume of air expired

This occurs during forced inhalation. The sum of TV and IRV measures the total volume of air inspired

Answer 1

11.An increase in % oxyhemoglobin saturation

The pulmonary disease with compromised elastic protein fibers in lungs causes the air sac damage in the lungs due to poor elastic recoil. The air sac damage creates larger air space than the smaller air sacs ,this causes more retention of air (causes chest pain )within the lung thus lung compliance increases. Due to less elastic recoil , lung can't expel the air forcefully and causes decrease in vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in first second(FEV1). Therefore, it prevents the oxygen binding with hemoglobin for the transport  that decreases the percentage of oxyhemoglobin .

12.HCO3-

The carbondioxide transport occurs in blood through three ways - 1. By dissolving into the blood 2. binding with the hemoglobin and 3. carried as a bicarbonate ions. The dissolution of co2 into plasma occurs which is almost 5-7 % .Then carbondioxide binding with the hemoglobin and formation of carbaminohemoglobin and transport ,which is 10% of the co2.The majority of the co2 transport occurs through a bicarbonate buffer system.The enzyme present in the red blood cells carbonic anhydrase converts co2 into the carbonic acid ,then breaks down into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion. This reaction causes continuous uptake of co2 by blood mediated via concentration gradient.

13.Respiratory rate would increase producing a respiratory alkalosis to buffer their chronic respiratory acidosis.

The increased level of pc02 causes the production of the bicarbonate ions ,decreases the pH causes acidosis . The 100% oxygen inhalation will buffer the increase in pH through alkalosis, results into the respiratory rate high. The exhalation of the Carbondioxide can't be possible while inhaling the oxygen at the same time. In order balance the acidity, there will increased inhalation of oxygen ,would cause the high respiratory rate.

14.hypoxic drive

The normal breathing in healthy person occurs as the carbondioxide release from lung as it produces it and it occurs due to hyoxic drive.Hypoxic drive occurs in normal breath due to increase in the carbondioxide level in lung.Hypercapnic drive occurs due to the increased arterial blood carbon dioxide level above 45 mmHg and hypocapnic drive occurs due to the decrease in the arterial blood carbon dioxide.

15.This occurs during forced inhalation. Tidal volume measures the total volume of air inspired

During inhalation - the diaphragm contracts due to the thoracic cavity expansion and external intercoastal and other respiratory muscles contraction.

During exhalation - The diaphragm relaxes due to reduced thoracic cavity and external intercoastal & other repsiratory muscles relaxes .

The total volume of air inspired is measured by the tidal volume (that is the total volume inspired and expired),whereas IRV is the inspiratory reserve volume which remains within the lung upon forced expiration which is not counted in the inspired volume.