Richard is a 55 year old man who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Before being diagnosed, he was taking OTC ibuprofen to manage his pain. Once diagnosed, his prescriptions included celecoxib. He was also advised to stop taking additional OTC ibuprofen.

1. Explain the mechanism of action and clinical effects of each of the drugs Richard has been taking.

2. Compare and contrast the mechanism of action ibuprofen and celecoxib. Why might Richard have been prescribed celecoxib? Why do you think he was advised not to take additional ibuprofen?

• Let’s say you and a friend eat the same foods in the same amounts for the same period of time, but only one of you loses weight. How is that possible?
• How does obesity relate to type 2 diabetes, heart problems, or blood pressure issues?
• Do you think obesity is a global problem?
• What advice would you give to someone who wants to lose weight by reducing their caloric intake, but isn’t sure where to start?

1. Does depolarization cause the muscle to become more or less likely to produce an action potential?

2. If blood travels from the left atrium to the left ventricle during ventricular diastole, why do you need a stage of the cardiac cycle known as atrial systole? What would happen to cardiac output if no atrial systole occurred?

1. What would happen if there was a hole between the right side of the heart and the left side? What would this be called?

2. What causes blood to flow from one chamber or vessel to another?

3. What happens to the pressure inside a chamber when the myocardium contracts?

The effects of glucocorticoids include _________. (select all that apply)

If the outer two layers of the adrenal cortex are removed, the patient will experience _________.

Microenvironment is important to cancer progression because _________.

Which of the following could be affected during times of very high stress?

Describe the action of cholinergic & adrenergic blocking agents & give at least one example of each.

After suffering an asthma attack (without having her inhaler), Sally's breathing is impaired and respiratory acidosis occurs. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?

Select one:

A. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.

B. Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions.

C. Kidneys retain hydrogen ions.

D. Kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide.

Which of the following would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to the right? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

A. Decreased hydrogen ion concentration

B. Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

C. Decreased pH

D. Increased body temperature

The sight, smell, or thought of food can stimulate gastric secretion. Which of the following is NOT true?

Select one:

A. This stimulates release of the hormone gastrin.

B. This is an example of a long reflexive pathway.

C. The cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata are all involved.

D. This is an example of parasympathetic stimulation by the autonomic nervous system.

If an adult man sustained an injury to the anterior pituitary resulting in decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), one would expect that he would have ________.

Select one:

A. excessive beard growth

B. decreased testosterone secretion

C. shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland

D. increased spermatogenesis

The c litoris and the p enis both become engorged with blood due to parasympathetic stimulation upon sexual stimulation.

Select one:

True

False

Rank of the following methods of carbon dioxide transport in the blood from most to least important:

1: Bound to hemoglobin in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
2: As bicarbonate ions in the plasma
3: Dissolved as carbon dioxide in the plasma

Select one:

A. 1, 2, 3

B. 2, 1, 3

C. 3, 2, 1

D. 2, 3, 1

E. 1, 3, 2

F. 3, 1, 2

Uterine contractions during childbirth is an example of positive feedback.

Select one:

True

False

If the macula densa cells detect increased NaCl in the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the GFR will increase in response.

Select one:

True

False

If the stomach is full, increasing the release of somatostatin will __________.

Select one:

A. Inhibit the activity of the stomach, but stimulate the activity of the small intestine and accessory organs

B. Inhibit the activity of the stomach, small intestine, and accessory organs

C. Stimulate the activity of the stomach, but inhibit the activity of the small intestine and accessory organs

D. Stimulate the activity of the stomach, small intestine, and accessory organs

Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide will increase blood pressure.

Select one:

True

False

B lymphocytes directly target and kill our body cells that have become cancerous.

Select one:

True

False

Bile digests fat.

Select one:

True

False

1) Describe the basic system of signal (signaling cell), target cell, receptor, and response for chemical communication. How is communication specific to just certain cells?

1a) Describe how the endocrine system and the nervous system coordinate communication and regulation between cells in multicellular animals.

1b) Describe, in general, the process of signal transduction, including second messengers. List several examples of responses cells can have to receptor binding.

Order the following processes of respiration in the correct sequence:

1) Transport of respiratory gases
2) External Respiration
3) Internal Respiration
4) Pulmonary Ventilation

Select one:

A. 4, 2, 1, 3

B. 1, 2, 4, 3

C. 2, 4, 1, 3

D. 2, 4, 3, 1

E. 1, 4, 3, 2

F. 4, 1, 2, 3

Which of the following glands is not involved in semen production?

Select one:

A. Greater vestibular gland

B. Seminal gland

C. Prostate gland

D. Bulbo-urethral gland

Which of the following examples of applied immunology are correctly matched? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

A. Receiving plasma from a COVID-19 survivor :: artificially acquired passive immunity

B. Receiving a vaccine :: artifically aquired active immunity

C. Surviving infection with chicken pox :: naturally acquired passive immunity

D. A baby nursing from their mother :: naturally acquired active immunity

Short and long reflexes in the gastrointestinal track get their names due to the fact that short reflexes activate their downstream effectors for shorter periods of time.

Select one:

True

False

Place the following events of oogenesis in the correct order:

1) Production of the first polar body
2) Sperm entry
3) Mitosis of the oogonium
4) Completion of meiosis
5) Primary oocyte stalls in meiosis I
6) Ovulation

Select one:

A. 3, 5, 1, 6, 4, 2

B. 3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2

C. 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3

D. 3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4

E. 6, 3, 5, 4, 1, 2

In normal blood the pH is 7.35-7.45, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 35-45 mm Hg, and the bicarbonate ion concentration is 22-26 mEq/L. If a patient has a blood pH of 7.5, a partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 47 mm Hg, and a bicarbonate ion concentration of 34 mEq/L, which of the following is most likely the cause:

Select one:

A. respiratory alkalosis

B. metabolic alkalosis

C. metabolic acidosis

D. respiratory acidosis

Samantha recently went to the eyedoctor because her vision has progessively been getting worse. The eye doctor stated that her eyeballs are too long and the light rays that are hitting her retina are diverged. Based on the diagnose the doctor suggested that in order to correct her vision they should reshape her cornea

Question:

1. What type of visual defect does Samantha have? Explain your answer

2. Would Samantha's cornea be more convex or less convex? Explain your answer (include what would happen to the light)

Q5. Now we are going to trace the path nutrients take from their ingestion to their destination in the body. Along the way, make sure to include for each: the anatomical pathway taken in the digestive tract, where absorption of that nutrient occurs, the passageway it would take through the body to reach the heart, and the physical/chemical processes that would be used to break down each substance.

1. Trace the path of a cookie, which is composed primarily of carbohydrates, from ingestion to the heart.
2. Trace the path of an egg, which is composed primarily of protein, from ingestion to the heart.
3. Trace the path of greasy fried food, which is composed primarily of lipids, from ingestion to the heart.

11) Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true? (1 point)

A) Oogenesis begins after birth

B) Ova develop from stem cells called oogenesis

C) An ovum completes its last mitosis after it is fertilized

D) About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty

E) By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes

12) Select all of the following that are true of the vvagina. (1 point)

A) Loses its inner lining during menses

B) Has a cervix for connection to the uterus

C) Holds sperm before their movement to the uterus

D) Is the lower region of the birth canal

E) Assists in urine movement via the urethra

22) Select all of the correct statements below. (2 points)

A) Resolution occurs after orgasm or ejaculation in the male

B) Nitric oxide is an important component of the erection process in the male

C) Infertility is defined as the inability to maintain an erection long enough for sexual activity

D) Testosterone levels remain steady until around 80 years of age in the male

E) Emission is moving of seminal fluids out of the body

16) Follicle-stimulating hormone (1 point)

A) Stimulates the thyroid follicles

B) Stimulates oogenesis

C) Stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the testes

D) Is important only in females

E) Stimulates oogenesis and stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the testes

17) Prostate enlargement that occurs in men over 50 is known as (1 point)

A) Fibrocystic disease

B) Prostate cancer

C) Testicular cancer

D) Carcinoma

E) Benign prostatic hypertrophy

18) Which of the following conditions is an age-related change for menopause? (1 point)

A) Hypertrophy and repositioning of the uterus

B) Increased mucus secretion in the uterus

C) Decreased hormone production by ovaries

D) Hot flashes, increased sweating, and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

E) Increased proliferation of follicles

19) A procedure known as the episiotomy for childbirth involves cutting which structure? (1 point)

A) vVagina

B) Perineum

C) Labia Majora

D) Labia Minora

E) Mons Pubis

20) Puberty in a female includes (select all that apply) (2 points)

A) Adipose tissue growth in the breasts and hips

B) Increased muscle mass, especially in the hips

C) Closure of the uterine tubes

D) Regular ovulation triggered by increases in LH, FSH, and estrogen

E) Estradiol production increasing