Q2. Describe the basic four layers of the wall of the digestive tract. Be sure to include tissue types found there and the function of the layer.

Mucosa – Absorption and secretion

• Epithelium
• Lamina Propria
• Muscularis mucosae

Submucosa – Supports mucosa

Muscularis Externa – Motility that propels food and residual through the digestive tract

• Inner circular layer
• Outer longitudinal layer

Serosa – Secretion of fluid that reduces the friction from the muscle movement

• Areolar tissue
• Mesothelium

Q3. Though that basic pattern above is followed throughout most of the digestive tract, there are a few places where we see deviations. Identify two areas with variations in this pattern and describe the differences seen.

Animal Physiology Questions

1. Why do most multicellular organisms require more than just diffusion to facilitate gas exchange? What is the other process called? Name all the places in our body where these two different processes occur (i.e. where do we get diffusion and where do we get the other process).
2. Explain the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for vertebrate hemoglobin. Why does the myoglobin oxygen equilibrium curve look different? If you were to draw these curves graphically, what would be on the x-axis? What would be on the y-axis?

1. Discuss the structural organization of lipoprotein particles such as HDL, LDL or VLDL. List all of the biomolecules found in each and describe their function in the particle. How does their structure facilitate the function of the particles? What does each do? (9 points).

2. Find three diseases in humans where there is a metabolic defect that results in an inability to process or metabolize specific
3. Lipids
4. Proteins or amino acids
5. Fats (lipids)

For each disease, explain the pathophysiology of the disease and the symptoms that an individual with the disease experiences. (9 points)

3. In the scientific literature, find a clinical trial that is prospective randomized as well as placebo-controlled. List the reference for the paper and explain the method of how the scientists randomized the trial and what the treatment groups were. Did the trial you found have any other features such as being a crossover trial or being blinded. (Extra credit is possible if you find these additional features). (10 points)

4. Technetium 99m and fluorodeoxyglucose are two radioisotopes frequently utilized in clinical medicine. Find two specific applications (tests or treatments) for each and describe how they are utilized. (8 points)

5. Describe how DNA is organized such that 46 chromosomes with approximately 3 billion bases are able to fit in the limited space of the nucleus of a cell. In addition, how does transcriptionally active DNA differ from DNA that is not being transcribed? (6 points)

Trace a drop of blood beginning in the right renal vein, until it reaches the left basilic vein at the wrist.  Before reaching its final destination, the drop of blood must first pass through the right dorsalis pedis artery.

List the final steps in a numbered format.

There are five stages of bone remodeling. They are the resting stage, bone resorption, transition, bone formation/deposition and mineralization. Define each stage to create a timeline of bone remodeling. Include the terms osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes.

Discuss the role of physician and administrative leadership in successfully managing a solo or group practice. Address the role of such leaders on patients, physicians, staff and the practice itself in improving all types of work. Discuss the role of an administrator, medical/clinical lead, nursing lead, as it relates to the operations of a practice. Discuss the differences between a faculty practice, an article 28 practice, a resident, Medicaid “clinic”, as it relates to leadership structures, reimbursement, and practice structure. (Leadership, Mission, Vision, Value, Operations, Management)  

subject physician practice management

can you give me every single questions answers with reference

1. What is genetics?

2. What is a karyotype?

3. What are chromosomes? (Include how many chromosomes humans have and what autosomes and sex chromosomes are.)

4. What is a gene?

5. What do the terms “allele” and “homologue” mean?

6. What do we mean by the following terms:
   1. Homozygous trait
   2. Heterozygous trait
   3. Dominant gene
   4. Recessive gene

can you give me every single questions answers with reference.

1. What do the terms “genotype” and “phenotype” mean?

2. Briefly explain the three factors that contribute to genetic variability.
   1. Independent assortment
   2. Crossover of homologues
   3. Random fertilization

3. Briefly describe the following. Provide an example for each.
   1. Dominant-recessive inheritance
   2. Incomplete dominance inheritance
   3. Multiple-allele inheritance
   4. Sex-linked inheritance
   5. Polygene inheritance
   6. Extranuclear (mitochondrial) inheritance (not really a pattern

4. What role, if any, do environmental factors play in gene expression?

5. What is genetic screening? Why do they determine pedigrees?

6. Compare/contrast amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (including the benefits and risks associated with each).

What are post-translational protein modifications? How do they affect protein structures and functions? How can they be measured (name at least two ways)? Why should we care about them (hint: there are likely a few reasons; tell me about all of them)?

Which of the following is true regarding the conduction of electrical activity in the heart?

Select one:

a. Conduction through the AV node is relatively slow

b. The wave of depolarization travels directly from the atrial muscle to the ventricular muscle

c. The AV node determines heart rate in a healthy person

d. 2 of the above are correct

e. None of the above are correct