Physiology

☆Acid-base balance Normal plasma pH ranges from 7.35-7.45, changes in plasma pH may disturb metabolism and many body functions.

1- Describe in detail the role of the kidney in adjusting blood pH either in acidosis or alkalosis.

2- Differentiate between metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.

3- Explain in full details the endocrinal causes of metabolic acidosis.

4- Formulate a case for a patient with metabolic acidosis demonstrating possible signs, symptoms and laboratory investigations.

5- Referring to five recent publication (2015-2020), explain the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.

6- Construct 5 MCQ about Addison's disease

37. You are working in a laboratory, after graduation, since you have recently discovered a new process to allow nerve cells to regenerate after they have been saved in an injury. You resuspend your cells in a wash buffer that contains 140mM NaCI (58.44g/mol) 5 % glucose and 5mM KCI (74.55g/mol) pH 7.4.

Please answer whether the solution is hypo, iso, or hypertonic. What would happen to the cells. Explain why the answer is what it is. Explain which are the penetrating and nonpenetrating solutes.

Histology

▪The processes involved in production of mature sperm and ovum, as regards to the histological structure, with the role of different hormones.

Describe in detail as great a detail as possible the mechanism by which skeletal muscle cells contract. Start with

an action potential arriving at an axon terminal of a motor neuron and end with the completion of a single cross-

bridge cycle. Be sure you describe all the events and how the operate, and name all the structures, ions, proteins,

molecules involved and explain the role each has. Use proper terminology and explain what is happening at

each step. Then explain what has to occur in order for a muscle cell to relax. This will require a full page.

Explain the mechanism of neural control of respiration

Walk through a signal propagation from beginning to end. Also, include +30mV, -60mV, -70mV, -80mV, resting, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, absolute refractory & relative refractory period, all-or-none principle, neurotransmitter, threshold.

1. Which of the following pertains to what happens when the diaphragm, external intercostal, scalene, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and sternocleidomastoid muscles contract?

A. This occurs during forced inhalation. The sum of Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve cvolume of air inspired.

B. This occurs during foced inhalation. Tidal volume measeures the total volume of air inspired.

C. This occurs during foced exhalation. ERV measures the total volume of air expired.

D. This occurs during forced exhalation. VC measures the volume of air forcefully expired.

2. Normal healthy people breath due to______________.

A. A hypercapnic drive

B. A hypocapnic drive

C. A hypoxic drive

3. Breathing 100% oxygen will?

A. Significantly increase oxyhemoglobin saturation

B. Increase pO2 and the rate of oxygen unlodaing at the tissues

C. Cause a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglbin dissociation curve

4. Low blood levels of 02 augment chemoreceptor sensitvity to pCO2. How would low p02 effect respiratory rate?

A. It would increase Respiratoy Rate

B. It would decrease Repsiratoy Rate

5.All of the folloiwng play a role in increasing the oxygen unloading at tissue in someone with iron deficiency anemia Except:

A. Respriatory acidosis

B. An icnrease in 2-3 DPG

C. An increase in deoxyhemoglobin

D. The affinity of 2-4 DPG for hemoglobin.

Name two endocrine hormones that affect separate body systems. Name the tissue/organ that they target and the effects

What differences are there between a free living, single celled organism such as a paramecium and a single human cell such as a ciliated cell of the respiratory tract?

An individual finds that they have high blood pressure. Explain two different responses (from different body systems) that their body will have in order to try and maintain homeostasis