Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

1.) Describe factors that may lead to changes in energy expenditure from a weight loss intervention....

1.) Describe factors that may lead to changes in energy expenditure from a weight loss intervention.

2.) Explain how the body regulates food intake. Consider organs involved, signals sent, etc.

Solutions

Expert Solution

1.

Many Metabolic adaptation to weight changes relates to body weight control, obesity and malnutrition. Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) refers to changes in resting and non-resting energy expenditure (REE and nREE) which are independent from changes in fat-free mass (FFM) and FFM composition. AT differs in response to changes in energy balance. With negative energy balance, AT is directed towards energy sparing. It relates to a reset of biological defence of body weight and mainly refers to REE. After weight loss, AT of nREE adds to weight maintenance. During overfeeding, energy dissipation is explained by AT of the nREE component only. As to body weight regulation during weight loss, AT relates to two different set points with a settling between them. During early weight loss, the first set is related to depleted glycogen stores associated with the fall in insulin secretion where AT adds to meet brain’s energy needs. During maintenance of reduced weight, the second set is related to low leptin levels keeping energy expenditure low to prevent triglyceride stores getting too low which is a risk for some basic biological functions (e.g., reproduction). Innovative topics of AT in humans are on its definition and assessment, its dynamics related to weight loss and its constitutional and neuro-endocrine determinants. can make it hard to lose weight, including

  • Your genes
  • Family history and genes. ...
  • Race or ethnicity. ...
  • Age. ...
  • Sex. ...
  • Eating and physical activity habits. ...
  • Where you live, work, play, and worship. ...
  • Family habits and culture. ...
  • Not enough sleep.
  • what and how much you eat
  • not getting regular physical activity or being inactive
  • taking certain medicines
  • having certain medical conditions
  • Difficulty in managing stress .

2. Hunger and satiety signalling during intake of a standard meal. Hunger signals, such as ghrelin in the stomach and NPY, orexin, AgRP in the hypothalamus, are depressed after intake of standard food, while satiety signals like CCK, GLP-1, PYY, insulin and leptin are raised. Food intake is terminated as a result

Involved organ: Food intake

The hypothalamus has emerged as the major site of food intake. The hypothalamus receives signals for the gut, pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue as well as other parts of the brain, and it integrates these inputs

Sydney Mullin answered 1 year ago
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