please give me every single question answers in your own words with reference.

1. Uterus retains products of conception for 2 or more months after fetal death
2. The inability to achieve pregnancy after at least one year of regular intercourse without the use of contraception.
3. Hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels and low platelet count
4. Mass of dilated and twisted varicose veins in spermatic cord
5. Spontaneous loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies
6. Inability of male to achieve or maintain sufficient penile erection to complete intercourse.
7. Benign muscle tissue tumours of the uterus
8. Abnormal twisting of spermatic cord caused by rotation of a testis or the mesorchium
9. Vaginal bleeding during the first half of pregnancy
10. Non-neoplastic fluid-filled sacs on the ovary
11. Serious, rapidly developing carcinoma; neoplastic trophoblast cells proliferate and metastasize
12. General term used to refer to any infection of the oviducts and ovaries
13. Age-related changes in hormone activity in males causes enlargement of the prostate gland
14. The nonconclusive form of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
15. Non-malignant neoplasm that forms on the chorion; there may be grapelike vesicles in the vagina.

What 3 types of cells are found in lymph nodes?

1. If we were to look for living organisms elsewhere in our solar system, which would be the best place to look

Venus.

Io.

Pluto.

Europa.

Mars.

2.If we want to find intelligent life in our galaxy, we should look in what part of the galaxy?

3. If we knew that there was some friendly aliens on a planet 25 light years away, and we sent a radio message to them, what's the earliest time that we could expect a reply?

Biopsychology Question:

In two paragraphs, discuss your thoughts and feelings around the fact that all your thoughts, emotions, memories, personality is embedded in the activity of billions of neurons.

emma Norton, 26 is admitted to hospital with acute exacerbation of her COPD

Using the knowledge of the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system, please answer the following questions below. Be sure to clearly label the different part

Part A

Emma undergoes a pulmonary lung function test. How would her total lung capacity test and her fev1/fvc values compare to normal physiological values

Part B

In hospital Emma is place on oxygen but develops respiratory depression. Explain why Emma stops breathing when she is administered oxygen

Part C

Emma’s COPD has caused pulmonary hypertension and subsequent failure of the right ventricle. What are the roles of the venous pressure and capillary hydrostatic pressure causing edema

Part D

Emma right ventricular failure has cause decrease in cardiac output. Explain which hormonal system will be activated and how it compensates for this

1. Antibodies against both type A and type B red blood cell antigens are found in the plasma of a person whose blood is:
a)any of these types

b)type O

c)type A

d)type AB

e)type B

2.What plasma protein helps draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure?

a)albumin

b)gamma globulins

c)fibrinogen

d)beta globulins

e)alpha globulins

3) Fibrinogen is to fibrin as
a)amino acids are to proteins

b)deoxyribonucleotides are to DNA

c)All of these choices

d)ribonucleotides are to RNA

4)Sympathetic neurons could
a)speed up the heart beat

b)slow down the heart beat

d)would have no effect on the heart beat

1. Hypotension will lower the plasma osmolarity, blood pressure, and blood volume. This will activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Overhydration will increase the blood volume. This will trigger the cardiac atrial cells to secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Fasting will increase the plasma osmolarity, decrease blood pressure and blood volume. This will trigger the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).

a. True

b. False

2. What is TRUE about acetylcholine? There may be more than one answer.

a. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that binds to the nicotinic receptor at the motor-end-plate of a muscle fiber and it is a neuromodulator when it binds to the nicotinic receptor at the dendrites of a post-ganglionic neuron.

b. It takes two acetylcholine to open the gate of a nicotinic receptor, which will cause a greater influx of Na⁺ compared to the amount of efflux of K⁺.

c. Acetylcholine binds at the muscarinic receptors at the atria only of the heart to decrease the heart rate.

d. Acetylcholine is a neurocrine but it is never found in the blood because it is not a neurohormone.

e. Acetylcholine causes an excitatory response on the muscle fiber when it binds to the acetylcholine esterase.

3.

What force favors the glomerular filtration process?

a. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary

b. Osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillary

c. Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule

d. Osmotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule

e. Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillary

1. Which of the following statements about the adrenergic receptors is TRUE? Select one:

a. Alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 1 receptors have greater affinity (or sensitivity) to norepinephrine than epinephrine.

b. Beta 2 receptor has an equal affinity for norepinephrine and epinephrine while beta 3 receptor has a greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine.

c. Beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors increase cAMP but only beta 1 receptor causes an excitatory response in the heart muscle.

d. Alpha 1receptor activates cAMP and causes an excitatory response to most of the sympathetic target tissues.

e. Alpha 2 activates cAMP and causes an inhibitory response in the gastrointestinal tract.

2. Which line of defense mechanisms against acid-base disturbances will be the quickest to maintain blood pH?

a. Buffered by bicarbonate in the blood

b. Respiratory compensation by expiration of carbon dioxide

c. Renal compensation by tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate and tubular secretion of H⁺

3. Which of the following is TRUE about the signal transduction for cyclic AMP (cAMP)?

a. Beta 1, Beta 2, and Beta 3 increases cAMP while Alpha 2 deactivates cAMP.   

b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are first messengers that bind equally to Beta 1 receptors to activate adenylyl cyclase in the heart muscle or kidney.

c. Adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme, converts an intracellular ATP into cAMP, a second messenger.

d. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins that will lead into a cellular response.

e. All of the above

f. None of the above

1. Which of the following statements about the physiological signals is CORRECT?

a. The nervous system provides both electrical and chemical signals.

b. Chemical signals are the most physiological type of communication within the body.

c. Electrical signals are due to Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ within a cell.

d. Chemical signals are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid.

e. Target cells are cells that respond to specific signals.

f. All of the above

2. What is TRUE about the hypothalamus? There may be more than one answer.  

a. Detects plasma osmolarity

b. Osmoreceptor

c. Produces and secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

d. Produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

e. Produces renin (enzyme)

3. What are the characteristics of the tubular reabsorption? There may be more than one answer.

a. The proximal convoluted tubule is the initial site of tubular reabsorption, where 100% of the filtrate is reabsorbed and the process is unregulated.

b. Atrial natriuretic peptide targets the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase the tubular reabsorption of water.

c. The descending limb of the loop of Henle only causes the reabsorption of water back into the blood of the peritubular
capillary.

d. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes the reabsorption of Na⁺, K^+, Cl^-, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ but not the reabsorption of water due to high level of cholesterol within the membrane.

e. More than 80% of the tubular reabsorption is regulated at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the presence of aldosterone, anti-diuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide.

1. Which of the following makes up the filtrate during glomerular filtration? There may be more than one answer.

Select one or more:

a. Plasma proteins

b. Red blood cells

c. White blood cells and platelets

d. Water

e. Glucose

2.

When a person is _________, the urine flow rate is about 1mL/min. When the person is ________, the urine flow rate is above 1mL/min. When the person is __________, the urine flow rate is below 1mL/min, respectively.

a. dehydrated, euhydrated, overhydrated

b. overhydrated, dehydrated, euhydrated

c. euhydrated, overhydrated, dehydrated

d. none of the above

3.

Which of the following structures does NOT make up the nephron?

a. Glomerulus

b. Bowman's Capsule

c. Proximal convoluted tubule

d. Loop of Henry

e. Distal convoluted tubule

f. None of the above

1.

Which of the following is TRUE about the functions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? There may be more than one answer.

Select one or more:

a. ANP increases the glomerular filtration rate by binding at the afferent arteriole to cause the walls to vasoconstrict.

b. ANP binds at the posterior pituitary gland to suppress the secretion of ADH into the blood.

c. ANP binds at the adrenal cortex to suppress the secretion of aldosterone.

d. ANP binds at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to suppress the Na⁺ reabsorption.

e. ANP binds at the juxtaglomerular apparatus to suppress the secretion of renin.

f. All of the above

2.

Which of the following is TRUE about the signal transduction for diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP₃)?  

Select one:

a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are first messengers that bind to Alpha 1 receptors to activate protein kinase C at the cell membrane.

b. Phospholipase C, an amplifier enzyme, converts membrane phospholipid into two second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate.

c. Inositol triphosphate remains in the cell membrane and activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylate other proteins for cellular response.

d. Diacylglycerol diffuses from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm to activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum to secrete calcium into the cytosol for cellular response.

3.

Which of the following statements associated with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is TRUE?

Select one:

a. The granular cells of the afferent arteriole in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin, an enzyme, when the afferent arteriole detects a lower blood pressure.

b. The liver cells would secrete angiotensinogen which is converted by the renin into angiotensin I.

c. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is an enzyme secreted by the lungs.

d. Angiotensin II can cause arteriolar vasoconstriction and stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.

e. Aldosterone binds at the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to promote the production of Na⁺ channels and the opening of Na⁺ channels in order to increase the Na⁺ reabsorption which will increase the plasma osmolarity, blood pressure, and blood volume while it will decrease the urine flow rate.

f. All of the above

g. None of the above

Physiologists discover a new disease affecting neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). They have called the condition PLT disease and it causes weakness and increasing fatigue in skeletal muscles, due to the production of antibodies that target membrane-bound receptors of skeletal muscle cells.

Using your knowledge of neurophysiology (M1) and the muscular system (M4), please answer the following questions below. Be sure to clearly label the different parts.

PART A How will the antibodies produced in PLT disease affect neuromuscular transmission? Identify the specific receptors on the skeletal muscle cells that will be targeted by these antibodies and the neurotransmitters involved.

PART B The physiologists decide to treat PLT disease with a class of drug that enhances cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

Explain why enhancing cholinergic transmission at the NMJ is a suitable treatment for PLT disease which causes skeletal muscle weakness.

Your extended response should include: a detailed explanation of the events involved in cholinergic transmission, the role of cholinesterase in normal NMJ physiology, the specific action of anticholinesterases on cholinesterase, and how anticholinesterases will affect skeletal muscular contraction.

Describe how an action potential is propagated through an axon, and how neurotransmitters are released in response to the action potential reaching the synaptic terminal

1a. Janae is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. In terms of this complete blood count, what might you expect to see? Why is she tired all of the time?

1b. While he was in the ICU with bacterial sepis, Domingo was diagnosed with DIC . His physician said he is suffering from several of his organs shutting down, due to blood clots, and he also has numerous bruises throughout his body. Please explain why.

1c. Mrs. Doyle has a long history of lung problems causing her chronic hypoxia, releasing growth factor. She has symptoms of itching, h/a, backache, and visual disturbance. As a result, what might we expect to see in terms of her red blood cell count? High or low? What is the diagnosis for this blood condition and how might she treat it?