Question

1)

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

	A.	Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts
	B.	There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts
	C.	Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body
	D.	Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts
	E.	None of the answers listed are correct

2)

Regarding the stomach, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

	A.	located in the left upper abdominal quadrant
	B.	HCl is produced by surface and neck cells
	C.	rugae are mucosal folds
	D.	cardiac sphincter is distal to the esophagus
	E.	pylorus is proximal to the duodenum

3)

All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is FALSE.

	A.	The barrier prevents the spermatocytes from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system.
	B.	The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.
	C.	The barrier is needed because sperm develop after the immune system learns how to recognize "self"
	D.	The cells that form the blood testis barrier are joined by tight junctions.
	E.	All the answers listed are correct

Answer 1

1) D. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

Explanation

Fluids move from a solution of higher osmolarity to lower osmolarity. Electrolytes are the charged particle with lower molecular weight compared to proteins, hence they act as effective osmole and hence has greatest ability to cause fluid shift.

2)B. HCl is produced by surface and neck cells

Explanation

HCl is produced by the parital cells of the stomach mucosa. Neck cells secrets mucin.

Distal end of the eosphagus is the cardiac end of the stomach.

The distal part of the stomach is called as pylorus, which further joins the duodenum.

3) B. The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.

Explanation

Astrocytes are the cells of central nervous sytem. Blood testis barrier is formed by tight junction between sertoli sertoli cells. This prevent the exposure of antigen of spermatocyte to blood and hence prevent autoimmunity.