Question

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his mother reports that he was bitten by a neighbor’s dog two days earlier. The child’s right hand is lacerated between the thumb and index finger and this area is inflamed but healing. The doctor’s examination reveals small but painless swellings beneath the skin inside the right elbow and arm pit and he explains to the mother that these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to the infection in the hand.

Questions:

6. What has produced the swelling?

7. Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired in aged patients. Which lymphoid organ(s) normally develop less functionality and increasing amounts of adipose tissue with age?

8. Immunologists recognize two partially overlapping lines of defense against invaders and/or other abnormal, potentially harmful cells: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In the case above, which would likely to occur first? What is innate immunity? Explain.

Answer 1

1. The probable cause of the incidents in Calatagan, Batangas are mainly due to natural calamities but man-made was less. Natural sources are like, floods, earthquakes, oil spill, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, fire, typhoons, landslides etc. Not only these but also Global warming and climate change are issues that can be recognized as threats in order to plan for adaptation and mitigation measures. Man-made hazards are like lack of awareness, poor sanitation, garbage dumping, lack of knowledge in purifying water etc.

2. Waterborne diseases are the main sources of infection in Calatagan, Batangas. Examples are diarrhea, typhoid , cholera, amoebiasis, schistosomiasis and giardiasis. These could be due to poor sanitation and water infiltration, and other factors like food handling practices. In 2006, diarrhea was the most dreadful disease in Batangas. A total of 15,037 cases per 100,000 population were found. People living within various multihazard zones was also one of the factor. Incidences of diarrhea and typhoid decreased slightly and the cleanliness of freshwater supplies and of bodies of water for recreation.

3. So, proper preparation and mitigation measures was taken up to reduce the frequency of manmade hazards and severity of disasters. They started projects that promote air and water quality, productivity of coastal or freshwater habitats, and agricultural and forest lands. People started conducting water sampling, mangrove planting so that number of deaths and property losses due to natural and man-made hazards are to be minimized. To increased awareness and education of the general public regarding the value and benefi ts of coastal and marine resources was one of the action plan.