Describe abnormal assessment findings that occur with lower neuron dysfunction of cranial nerves V and VII. Also describe what sort of problems might a client with these deficits have?

The process of exchange between vasa recta and the loop of Henle has the name countercurrent exchange. What can we conclude from that name about their flow, by analogy with animal respiration terminology?

For the efferent pathway start with the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus. For the efferent pathways be sure to describe the pyramidal and extrapyramidal efferent pathways. Which is involved in fine motor control? What plexus and arm nerve are involved in this motor control of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle? What role does the cerebellum play in the flexion or the index finger?

DOUBLE LEG BRIDGE WITH RESISTANCE (362):

1. What is the PRIMARY muscle (agonist) responsible for holding tension against the band?

2. What is the antagonist muscle group to the above muscle?

3. What PLANE does the above motion occur in?

4. What would happen to the Quadriceps if the heels were brought closer to the glutes?

5. Which is responsible for inhibiting too much tension in the muscle during this exercise: A. GTOs B. Muscle Spindles

List the names of five parts of your first line of defense IN DETAIL.

Describe the structures and their function involved in vision. Be sure to start with the anatomy of the eyeball and retina. Be sure to describe the cell layers present in the retina. Then describe the nervous pathways involved in the sensation and perception of vision. What is the cranial nerve involved in vision? Then be sure to include the location and description of the lateral geniculate nucleus, primary visual cortex, and visual association cortex. Within what structure is the lateral geniculate nucleus located? Where the superior colliculus located and what is is its function in vision? How does visual perception affect visual sensation? That is, do we only see what we want to see? This is referred to as “top-down processing” of visual perception.

Explain why increasing one's maximum capacity to utilize oxygen (max VO2) decreases one's heart rate for any given sub-maximal workload.

Cathy, a 20-year-old college sophomore, visits the student health center complaining of nausea, vomiting, and extreme abdominal pain. She says the pain came on suddenly after a meal, so she is concerned about food poisoning. During the patient history, Cathy discloses that she is sexually active and has more than 10 sexual partners per year. She uses oral contraceptives as her primary method of birth control and does not rely on her partners to use condoms. Cathy has a past history of vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, and numerous STDs (chlamydia, syphilis, and genital herpes). Recently she has noticed a whitish vulva discharge with a strong odor that has increased in quantity over the past week. Cathy’s vital signs are as follows:

      Oral temperature = 101.4ºF (38.6ºC)

Heart rate = 78 beats/min

      Respiratory rate = 15 breaths/min

      Blood pressure = 150/86 mmHg

      A gynecological examination is performed. Palpation of the abdomen reveals abdominal guarding, rebound tenderness, and an enlarged, painful uterus. A surgical scar is also noted, and Cathy explains that her appendix was removed when she was a child. The external genitalia appear slightly edematous but are otherwise normal. Both the vulva and the cervix are slightly inflamed, and a purulent discharge is noted. A sample of the discharge is taken for culture, and a cell sample is taken from the external os for a Pap smear. During the pelvic examination, movement of the cervix creates abdominal discomfort, and the rectovaginal examination confirms the uterine enlargement noted upon palpation.

      Blood, fecal, and urethral samples are obtained. Blood tests reveal leukocytosis but no HIV antibodies. The Pap smear is negative, and the cultures are positive for Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A pregnancy test (HCG assay) is negative. Ultrasound imaging of the pelvic cavity shows enlargement of the uterus and uterine tubes without pregnancy. Based on these test results, Cathy is diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease.

      Cathy is prescribed a combination of antibiotics and bed rest for 10 days. During this treatment period, she is told to refrain from intercourse. She is also advised to notify her partners about her condition and to encourage them to seek treatment. In addition, Cathy is told to return for a follow-up examination after completing her medication to ensure that the infections have been controlled. Finally, Cathy is encouraged to insist on condom use to minimize her chances of contracting STDs in the future. Because of her history of numerous STDs, she is warned that she is at increased risk for infertility due to uterine tube scarring as well as for uterine and cervical cancer.

1.Which of Cathy’s signs and symptoms are common to both pelvic inflammatory disease and appendicitis? Why is it important to rule out appendicitis?

2. What signs and symptoms support the diagnosis of PID?
3. Suppose Cathy says that in spite of her “wildness” in college, she just wants to “get it all out of my system, and then settle down and have kids after I graduate.” As her physician, what would you tell her about the relevance of her present behavior to her family plans?
4. Why are a Pap smear and an HIV test conducted?
5. Why do Cathy’s signs and symptoms rule out cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer?