Question

5. During intense exercise (intensity > 75% VO2 max) elite athletes sometimes show a sharp decrease in their arterial PO2 level in a condition known as exercise-induced hypoxemia. What is an approximate reason for this?

a. What does equilibrium potential of a solute mean? (Explain in a few sentences)

b.What is the mathematical relationship among resistance to blood flow, length of the blood vessel, viscosity of blood and the radius of the blood vessel?

c. Comment on the relationship between resistance to blood flow and the radius of the blood vessel based on the above mathematical relationship.

d. Briefly describe five differences of cardiac and skeletal muscle.

Answer 1

5.The human body is needed oxygen eveytime.During exercise, the body is needed more oxygen perform the action.the maximum or optimum rateat which the heart,lungs, and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise,used as a way of measuring a person's individual aerobic capacity.Here the intensity is greater then that of 75 % ofVO2max.It shows a sharp decrease in partial pressure of oxygen get reduced.when the blood is unable to carry the suuficient oxygen,then it will lead to hypoxia.

at the time of exercise,the body needs more oxygen supply for the activity to be done.but when the blood is fails to carry the oxygen, then the overall body balance will effect due to the lack if oxygen.then it will lead to discomfort.it is due to the heavy exercise that the body that can not acceptable.because of the more exercise the hypoxia may be caused.

a.during electrochemical equilibrium,for a charged solute,there is usually stil a concentrated gradient, but an electrical gradient oriented in the opposite direction negates it . under this condition the electrical gradient for a given charged solute serves as a electrical potential difference accross the membrane.

b.There is a relationship between resistance of blood flow,length of blood vessel,viscosity of blood, and radius of blood vessel.the blood flow is related to many factors that is mensioned above.viscosity of blood is has been played a major role in the flow of blood.if the viscosity is increased then the flow of the blood will become decreased.In other words,the flow of blood is inversely proportional to that of their viscosity

the lenth of the blood vessel is effected with the blood flow.the length of a vessel is directly proportional to its resistance.the longer the vessel the greater the resistance and the lower the flow.as with blood volume this makes intuintive sense. since the increased surface area of the vessel impede the flow of blood.

the radius of the blood vessel is effected the blood flow.if the radius is more,then the flow of blood becomeincreased.in other words,the radius is directly proprtional to the flow of blood.

c.R proportional to

vessel resistance-R

length-L

viscosity-

radius - r

d.

• cardiac muscles involuntary and found only in heart
• skeletal muscle is striated in regular parallel bundles of sacromeres
• cardiac muscle is striated but the bundles are connected at branching.
• skeletal muscle tissue is about 15%denser than fat tissue.
• skeletal muscles are attached to bones.