Explain how the nervous and urinary systems interact to increase blood pressure.

question- Describe 3 properties of water and how they relate to the human body. need brief explan (2 pt for each term, 2 pt for biological relevance; [12 pt])

Question- Name the four main atoms found in the human body plus two other rarer atoms.1 pt for each element, [6 pt]

The octet rule describes how many ________ are needed for stability in the valence shell of atoms (1 pt)

Explain the phenomenon of "twitch summation."

13.

A) A change to a single base pair in the sequence of a DNA molecule is called a ______ mutation.

B) If that single nucleotide change results in a protein with the exact same amino acid sequence it is called a _________ mutation.

C) If the base pair change results in an alteration of the amino acid sequence of the protein it is called a ___________ mutation.

D) If the base pair changes results in a codon for an amino acid being changed into a stop codon it is called a ________ mutation.

11. Tony and four of his colleagues at the hospital have formed a lottery syndicate where they each contribute $5 a week to buy a ticket in the state lottery. In the last draw their numbers came up. When he was told that the syndicate had won and he would have a share of $50 million, Tony promptly fainted. How can receiving a shock such as this cause a person to faint?

12.​Siegfried experiences a hemorrhage in an artery, and now blood is leaking out of the resulting hole. His blood pressure decreases. Explain the cardiovascular reflex responses that follow to compensate for the drop in blood pressure. (Hint: Drawing a flow chart might help organize the sequence of events).

13.​Sharon "gets the wind knocked out of her" during a skiing accident in which she attempted a jump and landed hard on her feet before tumbling over. She is conscious but breathing is labored, and she complains of pain and shortness of breath. The first aid-trained ski patrolman that comes to her aid determines that Sharon has no broken bones, nor is CNS injury likely. He places tiny tubes at her nostrils that blow air (with higher than normal percentage of oxygen) into her nose then places her on the snowmobile, and takes her to the first aid tent. Why is Sharon's breathing labored? How does the high-oxygen air help her condition?

14.​Ralph is taking SCUBA diving classes and is confused as to why he should not hold his breath under water while ascending—his instructor told him he must exhale continuously. What would you tell him?

15.​A 30 year old computer programmer has had asthma for 15 years. When she lies down at night she has spells of wheezing and coughing. She has found that she can sleep better sitting nearly upright. Upon examination her doctor finds that she has an enlarged thorax. Her lungs are overinflated on X ray. The results of the examination and pulmonary function tests are shown in the table.

After she was given a bronchodilator, her vital capacity increased to 3650 ml.

What is her minute volume?

Why is there a change in vital capacity with bronchodilators?

16.​What other values are abnormal and why?

Marco tried to hide at the bottom of a swimming hole by breathing in and out through 2 feet of garden hose, which greatly increases his anatomic dead space. What happens to the following parameters in the arterial blood and why?

17.​PCO2​​​​

18.​PO2​​​​

19.​Bicarbonate ion​​

20.​pH​​​​

21.​Which of the following has the greatest effect on the ability of blood to transport oxygen?

A. Capacity of the blood to dissolve oxygen

B. Amount of hemoglobin in the blood

C. pH of plasma

D. CO2 content of red blood cells

E. Temperature of the blood

22.​​Premature babies frequently need to be put on a respirator to help them breathe. Why does this become a necessary treatment for many premature babies?

23.​ ​Air flow in the respiratory system and blood flow in the cardiovascular system have many similarities; name three.

24.​Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys and released in response to hypoxia to promote the maturation of RBCs. During the 1980s, a human recombinant form of EPO (rHuEPO) became available. Explain the advantages and dangers of administering someone rHuEPO to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

LAST QUESTION!!

a.​Take your pulse.

b.​Assuming that your SV is 70 ml and 1 ml of blood weighs 1g, calculate how long it would take your heart to pump your body weight in blood. (NB: 2.2 lbs = 1 kg).

Covid 19: One of the problems that arises with patients suffering from COVID 19 is due to accumulation of fluid in their lungs. This makes it very difficult to breathe. You have walked into the emergency room and the interns are arguing about osmosis, diffusion and the symptoms of Covid. One of the interns is arguing that there is no link between the sysmptoms of Covid and osmosis and the other is saying yes there is. Since they know you are taking physiology this summer they turn to you ask you for your opinion.

1. Since Covid starts as a respiratory infection, is there a symptom and/or condition that would involve water movement and what would that be? (2 pt)

2. What would cause water to move to cause this condition or symptom? (2 pt)

3.How would our innate immune response contribute to this issue?

in written form: Can a person die for having too little thyroid hormone? Please explain.

A. How is the patella stabilized? Describe the articulation of the patella with the femur.

B. How does knee joint angle effect compressive forces at the patella and the contact points of the patella on the femur?

C. Which ligaments are intra-articular and which are extra-articular in the knee?

Name the specialized periarticular tissues of the hip. What is the role of each of these tissues? (menisci, labrum, ligaments, etc)

Name the specialized periarticular tissues of the knee. What is the role of each of these tissues? (menisci, labrum, ligaments, etc)

Considerable communication along the digestive tract occurs as feedforward signals. From the examples below, select all that represent feedforward mechanisms.

Describe assessment of heart function. Describe assessment parameters used for the vascular system, location of peripheral pulses and examination of jugular venous pressure.

The applied force is between the fulcrum and load in a ________ lever.

Damage to the Supplementary Motor Area can impair a patient’s capacity
for volitional movement.
a) How would you elicit evidence of such impairment?
b) Describe the conditions that typically do NOT impair voluntary movements in
the same patient?