The nervous system, composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia, serves as the human body’s primary communication and control system.

1. Examine how the physiology of your chosen organ system is affected when there is an anatomical variation vs. a pathological change. You can use real life examples of anatomical variations and pathologies.

Create a discussion question about the Immune System and submit a thorough response to this question. "create a discussion question about Immune System."

3. Acquired lmmunity

A) Discuss immunity acquired by vaccination

B) Discuss immunity acquired by disease exposure

C) Discuss. Acquired immunity Deficiency syndrome

D) Discuss the function of T-Cells

2. Immunity

A) Discuss innate immunity

B) Discuss ONE SPECIFIC autoimmune disease

C) Discuss blood agglutination

D) Discuss Rh lncompatibility in pregnancy

1.Lymphatic System

a) Discuss the lymph vessels in the human body

B) Explain to your classmates the movement and path of lymph fluid.

C) Discuss the lymph nodes

D) Discuss the function of the lymphatic system

Case Background

A peptic ulcer is a sore that occurs in the lining of a part of the gastrointestinal tract that is exposed to pepsin and acid secretions. Most peptic ulcers occur in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. 90% of all duodenal ulcers and 80% of all gastric ulcers are caused by H. pylori infection. Most of the remaining peptic ulcers are caused by long-term usage of certain anti-inflammatory medications like aspirin.

There is still some question as to how H. pylori is spread. However, H. pylori has been identified in the saliva of infected individuals and may be spread via this fluid. H. pylori bacteria have the ability to survive

the acid environment in the stomach because they produce enzymes that neutralize stomach acids. They also have the ability to move through the mucous membrane lining the stomach or duodenum and take up residence in the underlying connective tissue. The damage to the mucous membrane that results from a H. pylori infection allows pepsin and hydrochloric acid to further damage the wall of the stomach or duodenum. The sore that results is the peptic ulcer.

Answer the following questions:

1.

1. Hydrochloric acid

2. Pepsinogen

3. Pepsin

4. Intrinsic factor

Describe the functions of the following components of gastric juice. (3x4=12 Marks)

2. Why don’t the components of gastric juice damage the wall of the stomach in the absence of a H. pylori infection? (4 Marks

3. Why don’t most other types of bacteria produce ulcers?

What cellular differences would you expect in cells found in the skeletal muscles compared to those found in the human capillaries and the fat found in the hypodermis?

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1)During inspiration, pressure will be lowest in which of the following?

Select one:

a. Secondary bronchus

b. Laryngopharynx

c. Trachea

d. Alveolar duct

e. Nasal cavity

2)During cardiac cycle in normal human: Select one:

a. The pulmonary valve opens when the right ventricular pressure reach 10 mm Hg.

b. During diastole, the left ventricular pressure is about 80 mm Hg.

c. The left ventricle eject more blood per beat than the right ventricle.

d. The mitral valve opens when the left atrial pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure.

3)Which of the following is FALSE concerning the production and role of lung surfactant? Select one:

a. surfactant decreases the surface tension

b. surfactant increase the surface tension

c. It is synthesized by alveolar type II cells

d. It is part of a lipoprotein

4)Which statement is true Select one:

a. Systemic circulation has much higher pressure than pulmonary circulation

b. Systemic and Pulmonary circulation are equally pressured systems

c. Pulmonary ciculation has much higher pressure than systemic circulation

d. Pulmonary circulation has slightly higher pressure than systemic

5)Vasopressin: Select one:

a. Is produced by the anterior pituitary

b. Decreases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

c. It has no antidiuretic effect

d. is released in response to reduced plasma osmotic pressure e. It has vasoconstrictor effect

6)A patient having excess amount of renin released , and he developed an edema in the abdominal wall, The cause for this edema is: Select one:

a. Retention of the fluid and sodium.

b. Decreased arteriolar resistance

c. Increasing the protein level in the blood.

d. Increase the permeability of the capillaries.

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• What can the “tendon reflex” teach us about stretching? Hint “reciprocal inhibition”.
• How can we increase flexibility in our hamstring muscles using reciprocal inhibition when stretching? Describe the stretch action.
• Is this type of stretching static or dynamic? Why?
• Is this the best type of hamstring stretch before you go for a jog?
• Goal is to reduce injury and increase flexibility.

What precautions should be taken to reduce the risk of injury when doing plyometric training?

Name three different stretching methods and give its application technique.

Describe in few words how the two types of bone tissue compact and spongy contribute to any given bone.

The magnocellular pathway receives information from M ganglion cells about peripheral vision and therefore _______ spatial resolution images from the retina.

The _________ is responsible for controlling the diameter of the pupil.

A person’s _______ threshold is measured by taking the smallest amount of a stimulus and gradually increasing its strength until a person correctly guesses the stimulus’s presence 50% of the time.

A higher frequency means more pressure changes occur in a given second and occur closer to each other in space thus producing a _________ wavelength.