Question

write10 to 15 slides with Graphs and diagrams and avoid full slide writing about this topic:

1-Genetic effect of radiation

-Definition of genetic effects
-Difference between genetic and somatic effect
-What are these genetic effects
-Table where you give the effects and the corresponding dose

Answer 1

# GENETIC EFFECT OF RADIATION:

Radiation have serious roles in biotic constituents of the Earth. The ionising radiation have a great impact in causing mutation (sudden change) of genetic material (say DNA in the chromosomes) which is the basic constituent of life. This mutations are inherited to generation after generation if it happens to be that of reproductive cell. This mutagenic effect of radiations have become a serious means of health hazard (harmful effects) in the livelihoods. The World War II is an ideal example of genetic effect of radiation where the radiatory nuclear bombs and nuclear weapons were used, that caused a serious genetic drift in the persons affected/ survivers; which are till now borne by the next generations. Nowadays, mutagenic effect of radiation has become a hot topic of genetic research, where new mutagenic genes (mutagens) are studied in experimental organisms.

Below is a figure showing effect of ionising radiation on chromosomes:

# DEFINITION OF GENETIC EFFECTS:

In the formation and functioning of new organism there requires genetic information, which subsides in the chromosomes of germ cells- the sperm and the ovum. This genetic constituent/ information can be altered by many physical and physical agents which causes genetic effects. This effects are generally additive and irreversible.

# DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENETIC AND SOMATIC EFFECT:

Genetic effects are those that passes onto the offspring of a parent, whose genetic constituent (DNA molecules) are modified due to exposure of ionising radiation). It may affect the later unexposed generations.

While Somatic effects are those which affects only the exposed individual. Their period of effect is limited to the exposed one, and is not passed through the offspring; basically the somatic effects have no whereabouts with the germ cell.

# WHAT ARE THESE GENETIC EFFECTS:

The genetic information in a living cell can be altered/ modified by mutagens. These are physical and chemical agents which changes the composition or, sequence of bases of DNA. If this new information effects the DNA of a germ cell (point mutation), and if fertilized, the genetic drift carries onto the next generation causing genetic defect; which can be the cause of serious genetic diseases like Hemophilia, Fragile X syndrome, etc. Genetic damage can also occur due to chromosomal abberations, in which certain agents cause chromosomal breakage, which if being in germ cell, passes onto the offspring causing defective chromosome; this defective chromosome can leads to improper reproductive ability and other abnormalities as well.