(a) Describe how secondary structural elements fold to produce

(i) The Rossmann fold                      

(ii) The four-helix-bundle motif        

(b) Explain why proline is more often found at the ends of α-helices but not in the middle.

How are actin filament and microtubule assembly similar?

Ecological Advantages of Vegetable Production in Nigeria(15 slides presentation )

3. Mrs. Natasha gave birth to a boy child and her friend Mrs. Tina gave birth to a female child. When the babies are born, the environment is different both inside and outside of the body. Based on the above case answer your questions. (2.5 Marks)

a) How do the new born girl and boy babies are coping up with new environment?

b) What type of enzyme and neurotransmitters are involved with this process?

c) Is there any difference between these babies in coping up with the new environment? Comment on it.

d) Which type of tissue is involved in this process?

e) Mention the name of the gas which is involved in this process.

f) Write any two locations of this tissue.

What would happen in a cell that had a mutation that inactivated the protein WASP?

Grains questions

1) How many types of Resistant Starch are there?

2) What are other carbohydrates we eat that we must ferment, and why must we ferment them?

3)What is the major problem with storing wholegrain foods?

4) What type of compounds lead to rancid aromas? What is the chemical source of these compounds?

Explain the entire process of contraction in a skeletal muscle, starting with how the signal enters the muscle cell at the neuromuscular junction. Include all relevant ions, molecules, structures, and processes in your explanation. How does the muscle carry out a sustained contraction? How does a muscle relax? How does skeletal muscle differ from the other two muscle types?

<sup>12) The toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum is a potent neurotoxin. When
used in high doses, the toxin causes death through paralysis. When used in high doses,
the toxin causes death through paralysis. However at low doses the toxin can be used for
cosmetic purposes or to treat overactive muscles. Botulinum toxin (BTX) prevents
neurons from being able to activate muscle contractions. BTX accomplishes this through
proteolytic activity (by degrading specific proteins). (6 points)
- One explanation is that BTX prevents the budding of neurotransmitter containing
vesicles from the Golgi apparatus. If this explanation is correct, what class of proteins
would BTX most likely target for degradation? Briefly explain.
- Another explanation is that BTX prevents the fusion of neurotransmitter containing
vesicles with the plasma membrane. If this explanation is correct, what class of proteins
would BTX most likely target for degradation. Briefly explain.
- In the presence of BTX, the membrane protein is found in intracellular vesicles,
however none is seen on the plasma membrane. Which explanation, a or b, does this
data support?</sup>

Grains Question

1) Pulses are considered under the category of grains. How do pulse grains differ botanically from cereal grains?

2) What is nutritious about the proteins and carbohydrates in pulses

3) Comparing white bread and baked beans, what is the major nutritional difference?

Dihybrid crosses of (virtual) fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were carried out at the computer lab at this course. The mutant alleles studied were “vestigial wing” (vg) and “ebony body” (eb). The mutant P‐generation flies were homozygous recessive at both studied loci. The wild type alleles were homozygous dominant at both loci. The loci for vestigial wing and ebony body are located at separate chromosomes. Show the Punnett crosses from the P‐generation to the F1‐generation of mutant and wild type flies, and the Punnett cross when two individuals from the F1‐generation were crossed.

1. What are discrepancies between calf intestinal mucosa alkaline phosphatase and human alkaline phosphatase?

2. A solution was made up with p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), 0.1 M borate buffer at pH 9.5 and and alkaline phosphatase. This solution has good enzyme activity. Why does changing the pH to 9 decrease the apparent activity of alkaline phosphatase?

3. solution was made up with p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), 0.1 M borate buffer at pH 9.5 and and alkaline phosphatase. 50 uM of phosphate was added into the solution. Does the addition of phosphate to the assay mix cause competitive or non-competitive inhibition? Is this expected?

What change occurs in the bone to make conformational abnormalities permanent? ( regarding foals)

Which of the following statements is correct for primates in general?

Select one:

a. Species that are pair-bonded have the minimum degree of sexual dimorphism in body size.

b. Multimale, multifemale groups tend to have a higher degree of sexual dimorphism in body size than one-male, multifemale groups.

c. Multimale, multifemale groups with polygynandry are not sexually dimorphic in body size.

d. One-male, multifemale polygynous groups have less sexual dimorphism in body size relative to pair-bonded species.