Is lactose a reducing sugar? To answer this, first draw lactose, then label the anomeric carbons on each monomer and determine if lactose is a reducing/non-reducing sugar.

b) Is Sucrose a reducing sugar? Answer this similar to the question above however (no need to draw structures like above)

17. One thousand bases of quail mitochondrial DNA were downloaded to Geneious from the GenBank database. PCR primers were designed to amplify a conserved region from this sequence. Each primer was 20 bases long, and the 5` end of the forward primer (F) and reverse primer (R) starts from base position 33 and 865, respectively. A PCR master mixture for 23 reactions to analyse different bird samples was prepared.                            
    1. Fill in the necessary information for the master mix in the following table

What is hydrogenation? Why do food manufacturers utilize this process and what are the potential health impacts of hydrogenation?

The quality of dietary protein differs among various sources, and provide an example of a high-quality protein and a low-quality protein in your response.

What is Erectile Dysfunction?

1a)With aid of diagram describe the central dogma of molecular biology in detail.
2)Describe the general relationship between DNA,RNA and protein

Fermentation can enhance or alter nutritive and health-modulating properties of food constituents. T F

Justify:

The only mechanism microbes use to cause food spoilage is related to the growth of these microbes and their active metabolism of food components T F   

Justify:

People are not a major source of microbial contamination in the processing environment

T F Justify:

Molds are important for recycling dead plant and animal remains in nature they do not attack a wide variety of foods and other materials useful to humans. T F Jusify

indications of microbial food spoilage vary with the microbe(s) involved and the time course of spoilage. T F

Justify:

3.1 Discuss the similarities and differences between MHC's and HLA's. Describe the roles of the three MHC classes.

3.2 Describe antigen processing .How does the process differ from endogenous and exogenous antiges? ( 20 marks)

The sequence of an estrogen-responsive element is given below.

What would you be the most likely consequence of the introduction of this sequence of about 200 bases upstream (-200) of the gene transcirption initiation site encoding the enzyme mucosa?

5' - TGGTCAGGCTGGCT-3

1.      tRNA aminoacylation

a.      What is aminoacylation? Where on the tRNA does it occur?

b.      Why is ATP required for aminoacylation? Why is the hydrolysis of PPi generated during aminoacylation important?

c.       What is the significance of the high-transfer potential of the ester bond created during tRNA aminoacylation?

d.      Why is the specificity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases important? How do these enzymes ensure their specificity?

e.      Are you familiar enough with amino acid side chains to answer questions about aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase specificity? (e.g. how might similar amino acids like valine, serine and threonine be distinguished?)

f.        Do you understand why there are differences in amino acid recognition between activation and editing sites? And how those differences dictate the specificity of the two different activities?

What do you envision for the structure of estrogen receptor receptor-bound estradiol?

1. An occurrence of a gene made larger by trinucleotide repeats is:

Allelic expansion

Nucleotide expansion

Translocation mutation

Transformation

2. a chemical that can damage and/or change DNA is called a/an:

Allele

Endonuclease

Vector

Mutagen

3. An occurrence when a section of a chromosome relocates itself to an entirely different (non-homologous) chromosome is called a/an:

Inversion mutation

Translocation mutation

Transformation mutation

Duplication mutation

4. The tandem repeat in the sequence GGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAG is:

GGA

GGGAA

GGAAG

GGAAGGG

A disease characterized by abnormally shaped hemoglobin is called:

Cystic Fibrosis

Sickle Cell Anemia

Marfan Syndrome

Leukemia

5. A point mutation that causes a substitution of a stop codon with an amino acid and leads to the formation of a longer protein is a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

6. Addition or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence is known as a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

7. The least severe type of chromosomal mutation is:

Point

Frameshift

Inversion

Translocation

8. Chemicals inserting themselves into DNA can cause a:

Missense mutation

Nonsense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

9. A genetic condition caused by allelic expansion is:

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Fragile X syndrome

Alkaptonuria

Galactosemia

10. Which of the following is most likely the original DNA strand if the mutated DNA strand is ATAGUUGATGUA ?

ATAGAAGATGAA

ATAGCCGATGCA

ATAGGGGATGGA

ATAGTTGATGTA

11. An unbalanced chromosomal mutation would include a/an:

duplication (insertion)

inversion

translocation

denaturation

12. Many translocation mutations are found to be involved with:

cancers

sickle cell anemia

Huntington disease

cystic fibrosis

13. A common repeat throughout the human genome that is approximately 300 bases in length is called a/an:

EcoRI repeat

Hind repeat

Exo repeat

Alu repeat

14. A balanced chromosomal mutation includes:

imprintation

denaturation

inversion

deletion

Outline and explain the lytic and lysogenic cycles. please use correct terminology in describing the steps.