Question

1. Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Cell -Organelle Cell Function ½.

Ribosome:

Nucleoid Region:

Plasma Membrane:

2. Eukaryotic (Animal and Plant) Cell--Organelle Cell Function   ½

Cytoskeleton:

Centrioles:

Lysosome:

Cytoplasm:

Nucleus:

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Ribosome:

Mitochondria:

Golgi complex:

Chromatin:

Cell wall:

Flagellum:

3. List the various Membrane Proteins?

Answer 1

ANSWERS

​​1.Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Cell -Organelle Cell Function

1. In Prokaryotes, ribosomes are small and spherical in shape organelles that floats in free cytosol. The purpose of the ribosome is to translate messenger RNA (mRNA) to proteins with the aid of tRNA .

2.

The Nucleoid region is an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material. Function is to house DNA, addition to DNA, the nucleoid may also contain RNA, proteins, and enzymes that can be used for cellular processes.

3. Plasma membrane's function is to protect the cell from its surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the which makes it selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules . Also regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells

2.Eukaryotic (Animal and Plant) Cell--Organelle Cell Function

1.Cytoskeleton provides mechanical support, maintains the shape of the cell and helps in motility.

2. Centrioles are paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.The  main function of centrioles is to produce cilia during interphase and the aster and the spindle during cell division.They helps to determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.

3. Lysosomes main function is to digest lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

4.Cytoplasm holds the internal components of cells in place and protects them from damage. It acts as a buffer and protects the genetic material of the cell and also the cellular organelles from damage caused due to collision with other cells. Cellular respiration begins in the cytoplasm with glycolysis.

5. Nucleus consist of chromatin, nucleoplasm and the nucleolus. It stores genetic information (in the form of DNA) necessary for development and reproduction.It contains all information necessary for protein synthesis and cellular functions.

6.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein synthesis also helps in folding proteins and transports it to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles.

7.Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis

8.Ribosomes they are directly involved in the manufacture of proteins by using their RNA and amino acids.

9.Mitochondria (powerhouse) mitochondria play an important role in respiration where they generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from substrates in the presence of oxygen.

10.Golgi apparatus is important site for packaging material within the cell.Proteins are modified here.It is site for the formation of glycolipids (i.e. lipids with carbohydrate) and glycoproteins (i.e. proteins with carbohydrates).

11.Chromatim efficiently involves in packaging DNA into a small volume to fit into the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence.

12.The cell wall (cell membrane) is the structure that encapsulates the contents of the cell. Apart from this it also plays a vital role in regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

13.Flagellum is hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion. Responsible for the movement of a cell.

3. MEMBRANE PROTEINS

These are proteins that interacts with the biological membrane of a cell. .

Types:

• Integral membrane protein that is permanently anchored or part of the membrane.

FUNCTION : Integral membrane proteins function as transporters, channels , linkers, receptors, proteins involved in accumulation energy, and these proteins responsible for cell adhesion.

• Peripheral membrane protein that are temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to other integral proteins.

  FUNCTION- Peripheral membrane proteins have multiple functions including _transportation to various locations in the cell, signaling, and maintaining the cell shape and structure.

Examples.

INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS -Insulin receptors, Integrins, Cadherins, NCAMs, and Selectins.

PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS-Cytochrome c, cupredoxins, high potential iron protein, adrenodoxin reductase, some flavoproteins, and others.