A. List the 3 stages of translation.  B. Briefly describe what happens at each stage.

Transcription of the mammalian Cytochrome P450 1A1 gene is induced by xenobiotics such as dioxin. The mechanism of induction illustrates many steps which are typical of signal-regulated transcription factors. （16 marks）

1. Describe in detail the steps involved in dioxin induction of this gene
2. Outline an in vitro experiment you could carry out to show that Arnt is essential for the dioxin receptor to bind to the response element of the Cytochrome P450 1A1 gene.

no more detail！Thx

Explain the process of DNA replication in E.coli. Include a description of the role of the key enzymes in your discussion. [14 marks]

What types of energy were people living in the area now called California using 500 years ago?

What are the “three Rs” of waste reduction, which is the most efficient and important? Which takes the most energy?

Part 4. For each of the following research hypotheses identify is the MOST IDEAL (strongest evidence) epidemiologic study design to address the hypothesis AND justify your choice. [Design/Method Selection]

a. Contaminated egg salad at a deli caused an outbreak of severe gastrointestinal disease.

b. Low birthweight causes adult-onset asthma.

c. Prenatal cocaine exposure affects later child cognitive performance.

d. Gene polymorphisms are associated with Type 1 diabetes.

e. Milk intake midlife is protective for the development of late-onset dementia at >70 years of age.

what are the major components of the cytoskeleton? Explain each by listing.

1. How many spermatids are formed after spermatogenesis?
2. What is the epididymis purpose?
3. What is the function of the Ductus (Vas) Deferens?
4. What does the seminal vesicle do? What volume is contributed to the semen?
5. Why is it so important that the semen be alkaline?

Use a numerical example to demonstrate that selection is not efficient at removing deleterious recessive alleles from a population.

First, choose a value of q, the frequency of the deleterious recessive allele in generation 1. What fraction of the population is homozygous for the deleterious recessive?

Now, select a value for s and calculate the expected frequency of the allele in the next generation, q’. What fraction of the population is homozygous for the deleterious recessive in this generation?

How do the two enzymes, phosphorylase kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase, work together to regulate the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme?

During cocoa pulp fermentation, how does the cross-feeding dynamic between lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and acetic acid bacteria influence energy generation AND cell biogenesis in acetic acid bacteria and successful fermentation of cocoa pulp.

All mammals have oxygen sensing system to directly monitor the oxygen availability and energy sensing system which indirectly monitors the carbon source supply. Considering the important role of nitrogen element in biologic system, one can assume the existence of a nitrogen-sensing system as well. If you agree, discuss what this system might be. If you do not agree, write down your reasoning and argument. Either way you choose, please cite relevant reference to support your argument.

. Define plant development and explain which main developmental processes are required to build a plant. Indicate why plant development is an essential trait in agriculture giving some examples of developmental modifications selected throughout plant domestication.

Regarding the trp operon leader sequence:

1.What would happen if the leader sequence was mutated in region 3, such that the it was missing?

2. Regarding Electrophoresis:

Restriction endonuclease (why restricted?, why endo?   Why -nucl-? Why - ase?)

RFLP

Ethidium Bromide

Probe

3. DNA is ___________________ charged and therefore moves toward the _______________ electrode.