In D. melanogaster, a homozygous female with mutations for vestigial wings (vg), black body (b) and purple eye color (pr) was mated to a homozygous wild-type male. All the F₁ progeny, both male and female, had normal (wild-type) phenotypes for the three characteristics, indicating that the mutations are autosomal recessive. In a testcross of the F₁ females with males that have vestigial wings, black body and purple eyes, the progeny were of eight different phenotypes reflecting eight different genotypes. The order in which the genes are list below is completely arbitrary.

                                    vg      b      pr   1779

                                    vg⁺     b⁺    pr⁺ 1654

                                    vg⁺     b     pr   252

                                    vg      b⁺    pr⁺ 241

                                    vg⁺     b     pr⁺ 131

                                    vg      b⁺    pr      118

                                    vg      b      pr⁺      13

                                    vg⁺     b⁺    pr         9

                                                            4197 Total

a. Determine the linear order of the genes on the chromosome (which gene is in the middle)?

b. Calculate the recombinant frequency between the three loci.

c. Draw a genetic map of the three loci, with the correct map distance between each.

Create a paragraph or two to address the following prompts.

What are the steps of the scientific method? Describe them.
What are variables? Discuss the different types of variables.
Why is the scientific method significant (important)?

Pllease no handwrittten or pictures - only typed responses.

2. A difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is that
   1. gluconeogenesis takes place in the mitochondria
   2. gluconeogenesis uses 14 steps to 10 for glycolysis
   3. gluconeogenesis uses GTP
   4. gluconeogenesis produces more energy than glycolysis

3. In the muscle, hexokinase will be inhibited by
   1. low levels of ATP
   2. high levels of glucose 6-phosphate
   3. low levels of glucose 6-phosphate
   4. high levels of fructose 6-phosphate

4. Formation of fructose 6-phosphate requires the aa
   1. Lys                  b. Glu             c. Cys             d. Ser

5. Of dietary glycogen and endogenous glycogen one can say that
   1. both can be converted to glucose 1-phosphate
   2. endogenous glycogen is converted to glucose 6-phosphate directly
   3. endogenous glycogen is hydrolyzed by a-amylase
   4. only dietary glycogen is converted to glucose 1-phosphate

6.   Alcohol dehydrogenase uses as cofactor
   1. Mg²⁺                b. Fe²⁺                          c. Zn²⁺             d. Mn²⁺

Question 21

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

Question 22

Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom of a water molecule is true?

Question 23

In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a ________ bond.

Question 24

The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by ________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ________ bonds.

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false?

Question 26

The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as

Question 27

As ice melts

Question 28

A solution with a pH of 7 is

Question 29

Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is

Question 30

Which of the following statements about pH is true?

Explain how mutations in EGFR and other MAPK components can lead to cancers.

1. The number of enzymes common to Krebs and glyoxylate cycles is
   1. 3                      b. 4                  c. 5                  d. 6

2. The number of AcCoA units used in one turn of the glyoxylate cycle is
   1. 4                      b. 3                  c. 2                  d. 1

3. The number of oxygens in carbamoyl phosphate is
   1. 3                      b. 4                  c. 5                  d. 6

4. lipoprotein lipase is present in the
   1. intestine                                  c. adipocyte
   2. capillary                                  d. myocyte

5. The number of resonance structures of phosphate are
   1. 3                      b. 4                  c. 5                  d. 6

1. Describe simple and facilitated diffusion in passive transport?

a. simple diffusion

b. facilitation diffusion

2. Describe osmosis?

What are the 2 major jobs of the kidney, how do terrestrial vs. aquatic vertebrates change their kidney structure to accommodate the demand of water vs. terrestrial environment? (give example) Explain why or physiologically why these changes occur in these vertebrates’ kidneys.

Which modifications on the extender unit would survive the post-­‐PKS modifications from the aflatoxin B1 pathway?

Evolution

Name of article: Ecological Knowledge, Leadership, and the Evolution of Menopause in Killer Whales

- Summarize and explain what the article is about! (CAN SOMONE PLEASE HELP ON THIS!!!!)

- What are the authors views?

- What methods were used?

- Most interesting part of article?

- The article is provided below in the web link (copy and paste it will direct you to the article)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221500069X

You have been studying hard for the last few days and you have completely forgotten to eat since yesterday morning. Explain how your short fast affects lipid metabolism in your body and make sure to include ALL relevant enzymes and describe how they are regulated.

Which of the following is true about action potentials?

1. When a neuron is inactive or resting, the neuron is said to be polarized
2. Myelin insulates the axon to prevent leakage of the current as it travels down the axon
3. Dendrites are responsible for receiving most of the input from other neurons
4. The voltage at which a signal is generated is called the threshold
5. All of the above