Q1 . The authors cite the explanation of Thomas Kuhn (author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) of how a change of 'looking at the world' (Khun's term is "paradigm shift") within the practice of science takes place. The authors compare the views of Copernicus and Ptolemy regarding the structure of our solar system as an example:

a.Copernicus and Ptolemy used the same assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to the same conclusion.

b.Copernicus and Ptolemy used different assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to the same conclusion.

c.Copernicus and Ptolemy used different assumptions to organize the same set of facts and came to different conclusions.

d.Copernicus and Ptolemy used the same assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to different conclusions.

Q2. "So how do scientists learn these organizing ideas? The usual way is by studying with other people who know what they're doing." Which of the choices below is the correct set of parts of speech for describing the term?

a."Organizing" is an adjective, "ideas" is a noun.

b."Organizing" is a verb, "ideas" is a noun.

c."Organizing" is a gerundive, "ideas" is a synecdoche.

Q3. Quoting the authors, "Technically, a paradigm is

a.how one goes about organizing ideas in a particular way."

b.what the study of anthropology is all about."

c.the cultural code that makes the example make sense."

Q4. Malinowski enumerates his "three principles of method" that he found leads to "success" in one's ethnographic research. (Identify the choice that does not belong.)

a.The student should have earned an advanced degree in anthropology from Cambridge or Drexel.

b.The student must approach the study scientifically, and know the values and criteria of modern ethnography.

c.The student ought to live alone with the natives, without other Westerners around.

d.The student has to apply a number of special methods of collecting, manipulating, and "fixing" the evidence that has been gathered.

Q5. Quoting Malinowski: "Our considerations thus indicate that the goal of ethnographic field work must be appreciated through three avenues:     (Identify the choice that DOES NOT belong)

a.The organization of the tribe, and the anatomy of its culture...

b.The organizing ideas that determine the cultural codes of the tribe.

c.the imponderabilia of actual life and the type of behavior have to be filled in.

d.A collection of ethnographic statements...as documents of native mentality.

Briefly discuss the following:

1. Events that changed the world in microbiology.

2. Microbiology came about looking for the mystery of life. Do you agree? Why?

What are the initiation events associated with Replication and Transcription (in the prokaryotic models):

Replication:

Transcription:

Carlos Adams was involved in a motor accident and suffered blunt trauma to his abdomen. Upon presentation to emergency department, his vital signs are as follows:
Temperature, 100.9degrees Ferihieght, heart rate,120bpm, respiratory rate, 20 breast/min, and blood pressure, 90/54mmHg.His abdomen is firm,with bruising around the umblicus. He is alert and oriented, but complains of dizziness when changing positions. The patient is admitted for management of suspected hypovolemic shock.The following orders are written for the patient:
place two large-bore IVs and infuse 0.9% NS at 125mL/hr/line.
Obtain complete blood count, serum electrolytes oxygen at 2L/min via nasal cannula.
Type and cross for the 4 units of blood.
Flat plate of the abdomen STAT (Learning objective 1,4,and 5).
a. Describe the pathophysiologic sequence of events seen with hypovolemic shock.
b. What are the major goals of medical management in this patient?
c. what is the rationale for placing two large-bore IVS?
d. what are the advantages of using 0.9% NS in this patient?
e. What is the rationale for placing the patient in a modified Trendelenburg position?

Q # 1: Define and describe the following terms: 1) cannabinoids, cannabis, phytocannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, marijunna, and dabbing.

Q # 2: What are the differences between marijuana and hashish in terms of their THC content? How do they differ from time-period and whether or not they are oil or non-oil based products?

Q # 3: What is the difference between marijuana and K2?

Q # 4: What is the difference between marijuana, dronabinol, and WIN52212-12 in terms of THC content, potency, and DEA schedule?

Q # 5: Compare and contrast the metabolism of delta-9-THC based on oral ingestion vs. inhalation drug exposure.

Q # 6: Explain the difference between acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) fat cell related pharmacokinetics?

Q # 7: Compare and contrast endocannabinoids, anandamide, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

Q # 8: Compare and contrast the differences between CB1 and CB2 receptors functions and where they are distributed within the central nervous system.

Q # 9: What are the differences between amotivational syndrome, cannabis use disorder, and cannabis withdrawal syndrome?

Q # 10: What are the only clear medicinal uses for prescription (legal use) of marijuana?

How would you modulate the reverse cholesterol transport pathway to increase cholesterol ef?ux from cells in normal individuals?

Mr. Roger is 2 days postoperative of a thoracotomy for removal of a malignant mass in his left chest. His pain is being managed via an epidural catheter with morphine ( an apioid analgesic).As the nurse assumes care of Mr. Roger's, he is alert and fully oriented, and states that this current pain is 2 on a 1-to-10 scale. His vital signs are 37.8-92-12,138/82.(Learning objective 6).
a. what are benefits of epidural versus systematic administration of opioids?
b. The nurse monitors Mr.Rogers' respiratory status and vital signs every 2 hours. What is the rationale for this frequent assessments?
c.The nurse monitors Mr.Rogers for what other complications of epidural analgesia?
d. Mrs. Roger's complains of a severe headache. What should the nurse do?
e. Me. Rogers' epidural morphine and decreased mobility increase his chances of constipation. What interventions should be included in his plan of care to minimize constipation?

Q # 6: Explain the difference between acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) fat cell related pharmacokinetics?

Q # 7: Compare and contrast endocannabinoids, anandamide, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

Q # 8: Compare and contrast the differences between CB1 and CB2 receptors functions and where they are distributed within the central nervous system.

Q # 9: What are the differences between amotivational syndrome, cannabis use disorder, and cannabis withdrawal syndrome?

Q # 10: What are the only clear medicinal uses for prescription (legal use) of marijuana?

discuss the general measures taken by the innate and adaptive immune cells in response to a virus.

Describe the immune and physiological process to activate naive CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells.  Where would this most likely occur in human anatomy.

Most black bears (Ursus americanus) are black or brown in color. However, occasional white bears of this species appear in some populations along the coast of British Columbia. Kermit Ritland and his colleagues determined that white coat color in these bears results from a recessive mutation (g) caused by a single nucleotide replacement in which guanine substitutes for adenine at the melanocortin-1 receptor locus (mcr1), the same locus responsible or red hair in humans. (K. Ritland, C. Newton, and H.D. Marshall. 2001. Current Biology 11: 1468-1472). The wild type allele at this locus (G) encodes the black or brown color. Ritland and his colleagues collected samples from bears on three islands and determined their genotypes at the mcr1 locus.

a. What are the frequencies of the G and g alleles in these bears?

b. Give the genotypic frequencies expected if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

5) In order for the viruses to escape extinction, they have to keep evolving. Two different bacteriophages that infect two different bacteria had critical mutations. One mutation is at the OR2 region while the other one is at OL2.

A) What will happen when the mutation is at OR region and the bacteria is in a poor environmental condition? (7 pts)

B) What will happen when the mutation is at OL region and the bacteria is in a poor environmental condition? (7 pts)

1. In plants, how do the 4 types of gymnosperms differ from angiosperms? Please mention at least three differences here…..Which type of plant developed first? (2 points)

2. What are the three types of bacteria based on structure? What are archaea? Are both of these types of organisms prokaryotes? Why? (2 points)

3. What are at least five factors affecting an organism’s Carrying Capacity (K)? (2 points)