In your own words, describe three mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, as discussed in this course, that are involved in controlling the rate of expression of hydrolytic enzymes associated with lysosomes. For each mechanism described, include whether the rate of expression would be increased or decreased.

82) When TGFbeta binds to which partner in its receptor complex first?

- RI

- RII

- RIII

- RIV

87) Binding of cytokine to its extracellular receptor engages which of the following signaling pathways?

- JAK/STAT

- Ras/MAP kinase

- PI-2 kinase

- TGFbeta

93) The internal compartment of an endosome is acidified by the presence of ______.

- acid hydrolases

- K+ pumps

- H+ ATPases

- vSNARES

95) When a RTK has dimerized & is active, how many ligands are bound?

- 1

- 2

- 3

- 0

You are examining two traits of a plant called Trait A and Trait B. Each trait is associated with a different gene on a different chromosome. Trait A shows: the same phenotype for both the heterozygous and homozygous dominant allele combinations a different phenotype for the homozygous recessive allele combination. Trait B shows: three different phenotypes, each associated with only one of the three possible allele combinations. A) Describe the type of inheritance associated with Trait A and describe the type of inheritance associated with Trait B. In your own words explain how you arrived at each of your answers. B) Your plant is displaying the Trait A phenotype associated with a homozygous dominant or heterozygous allele combination. In your own words, explain how you would determine which allele combination is present in your plant.

1. Using the equation for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, calculate the following for p=0.7 and q=0.3 and enter in the ratios for the following values.
a. homozygous dominants

b. homozygous recessives|

c. heterozygotes

d. dominant phenotype

2.

Blank 1: Which kind of selection, directional, stabilizing, or disruptive, occurred when beads representing homozygous recessives were removed in the evolution lab?

Blank 2: What kind of selective agent or selective pressure could this activity have imitated?

Question 4 options:

Thank you for your time and help.

Discuss the structure and function of epithelial tissue including their membrane proteins and explain why this tissue is so important to the whole organism.

Fill in the blank- During eukaryotic transcription, the assembly of the general transcription factors begins with the binding of the factor________in a complex with the general transcription factor_________to DNA, causing a marked local distortion in the double helix. This factor binds at the DNA sequence called the________box, which is typically located 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site. Once RNA polymerase II has been brought to the promoter DNA, it must be released to begin making transcripts. This release process is facilitated by the addition of phosphate groups to the tail of RNA polymerase by the factor_______. General transcription factor and RNA polymerase are not sufficient to efficiently initiate transcription in the cell and are affected by proteins bound thousands of nucleotides away from the promoter. Proteins that link distantly bound transcription regulators to RNA polymerase and the general transcription factors include the large complex of proteins called the _________. The packaging of DNA into chromatin also affects transcriptional initiation, and histone________ is an enzyme that can render the DNA less accessible to the general transcription factors.

List and explain the methods used to identify medically important viruses.

Identify the effect(s) of specific population-genetic forces on genetic variation within and between populations over time. In each of the table cells, choose one of the options in the drop-down menu that appears.

In a large, randomly-mating population, the frequency of the allele (a) for sickle-cell hemoglobin is 0.028. The results of studies have shown that people with the following genotypes at the beta-chain locus produce the average numbers of offspring given. In the table below, indicate the relative fitness values for these three genotypes.

What form of selection is acting on the sickle-cell allele?                             [ Select ]                       ["directional selection against the a allele", "directional selection against the A allele", "overdominance", "underdominance"]      

Over time, we should expect genetic variation in this population to                            [ Select ]                       ["increase", "decrease", "stay the same"]         .

Explain why actin filaments add monomers at the plus end and lose monomers at the minus end AND what function this plays in locomotion.

_________ retain more primitive characteristics than other primates, such as partially enclosed orbits.

a) strepsirhines

b) haplorhines

c) platyrrhines

d) catarrhines

Which burial environments would best promote fossilization?

a) burial by sediments or volcanic ash soon after death

b) burial after de-fleshing bones by scavengers

c) burial in ground water or acidic soil

d) burial in geologically active area with hot springs

Which is true about absolute radiometric dating methods?

a) provide only a relative date

b) provide a numerical date

c) measure radioactive decay from lighter to heavier isotopes

d) determine past climate history through stable isotope analysis

The ancestors of platyrrhines were more likely to have originated with ______ as this fossil species shares many skeletal features in common.

a) Apidium

b) Catopithecus

c) Aegyptopithicus

d) Dryopithecus

Which statement about Old World monkey evolution is not currently supported?

a) Fully modern bilophodont molars first appear in Victoriapithecus

b) modern monkeys have reverted back to the ancestral Y-5 molar pattern

c) Old World monkeys became more diverse than apes in the late Miocene

d) ape diversity decreased due to direct competition with Old World monkeys

Describe the cellular mechanism of formation of transport vesicles.

Discuss the medical need for viral cultivation and give examples of two in vivo and one in vitro method. Define the term pocks and plaques.

Discuss the lysogeny phase of the bacteriophage multiplication cycle. Briefly explain the medical significance of this cycle.

List and describe the general phases in animal virus multiplication. Contrast the multiplication of an enveloped virus with that of a naked virus.