• Be able to define the following terms: axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, sarcoplasmic reticulum, acetylcholine, motor unit, locomotion, peristalsis

• Know the structure and components of muscle fibers (myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, myosin)

• From Figure 39.4 – Know how myosin and actin interact to produce muscle contractions, including how and where myosin heads attach to actin

Several arboviruses are on the doorstep of the United States including Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya. How does the presence or absence of aegypti and Ae. albopictus serve as an indicator for areas of potential transmission? For a state like Iowa that may have mosquitoes that can transmit these diseases, what other environmental components may influence disease transmission? How would this differ from a state like Florida?

In the US there are ~300,000 cases of Chagas Disease, as well as several triatomine vectors capable of cruzi transmission. What aspect of kissing bug behavior in species found in the US is one of the major reasons for the absence of Chagas transmission? Name at least two other reasons that lead to an absence of Chagas transmission in the US. Why do kissing bug bites still result in hospitalizations in the US?

• Know how difference between active and passive immunity

• Know what an autoimmune disease is, and examples of autoimmune diseases

• Know how HIV attacks adaptive immunity, and the type of T cell it attacks

Chagas disease transmission can occur in many cases without being directly bitten by a kissing bug. How does inadvertent contact, cultural practices, and the transmission of parasites in the blood can cause Chagas disease? Which of these non-vector forms of transmission were directly targeted in control and prevention campaigns by INCOSUR and what measures did they take?

1. Which would have the highest melting temperature?

A. TTAACCGGGCTA

B. CATAACAAATCA

C. CGCAATAATACA

D. CGTAATAATACA

D. CGCAACCATCCG

2. Select the ones that can be applied to PCR, there can be more than one right answer.

A. PCR can be used to obtain large quantities of a particular sequence of DNA

B. It can use short synthetic oligonucleotide primers

C. Fe2+ ions are needed for the DNA polymerase.

D. DNA polymerase can be used to synthesize DNA

E. Primers can be used and they are complementary to each other

A molecule that can be used as an antibiotic is known to be capable of inhibiting bacterial growth in the presence of lactose as the sole source of carbon. However, in the presence of glucose the bacteria grow normally. What mechanisms could justify this behavior? Discuss at least two possibilities

Please show all the work.

Suppose that the energy available in a certain plant population is 10,000 Joules. Calculate the proportion (percent) of that biomass that will be available as energy to the tertiary consumers in that ecosystem.

1. For the following statement, indicate whether what is described would result in an increase or decrease in genetic diversity within population.

a. Inbreeding due to a small population that is geographically isolated

b. A 10,000 person population growing from the movement of 5,000 people into the population coming from another geographically isolated location.

c. A catastrophic tsunami that drastically reduces the size of population.

d. A small group of individuals from one population moving to a geographically distant site and starting a new population at that new location.

You have decided to try your hand at canning some of your homegrown green beans from the garden. You rinse the beans, add water, and put them into Mason jars. You are in a hurry, so you decide to shorten the boiling time to 5 minutes to speed the process up. The jars seal properly, as you can tell from the vacuum created by the lids. You store the jars on your kitchen shelf for 3 months. Are the beans safe to eat now? Why or why not? What type of microbe might be present, and why? If you were making canned pickles, would the above problem be likely to occur? Explain why or why not.

Which one of the following DNA chains is both complementary and anti-parallel to this DNA chain: 5' GGGTTT 3'? (it can be more than one answer)

5' TTTGGG 3'

5' GGGTTT 3'

5' CCCAAA 3'

5' AAACCC 3'

Ketone bodies are synthesized from Acetyl-CoA only when carbohydrates are not available. Why? Describe how gluconeogenesis, TCA, ACC, and circulating hormones play a role in directing carbon toward these molecules.

Explain why the relationship between Anthopluera elegantissima and Symbiodinium sp. or Elliptochloris marina is characterized as a mutualism.

Should we mount a massive effort to restore ecosystems that we have degraded even though this will be quite costly? For this weeks environmental controversy we explore this question. Using the textbook, and any additional outside resources, answer the questions below. Write a 1-2 paragraph response to the questions posed to you. Remember to cite your sources using APA.

Ecological restoration, which is discussed in your textbook, has a critical role in protecting and understanding the Earth's environments. Unfortunately, even if personnel and financial resources are available, many sites are too damaged to be effectively restored. In such cases, alternatives to restoration must be pursued, including: rehabilitation, remediation, replacement, or the creation of artificial ecosystems.

Some individuals worry that large-scale ecological restoration could mislead the public into believing that any amount of environmental damage can be undone. Ultimately, a massive and expensive restoration program could be offset by weakened regulations and increased environmental damage in other areas. Furthermore, alternatives to ecological restoration may be able to repair more sites at less cost.

Based on what you have read and researched, do you believe that the loss of biodiversity is a concern for humans? Should the government not only preserve but restore ecosystems that we have degraded the biodiversity even though this will be quite costly?

Living organisms are highly organized and structured How does this statement relate to the macromolecules (Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, and Lipids)? How does this statement relate to the systems (Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Endocrine, etc.)?