4. Give an overview of how fatty acids are synthesised in vivo and explain how the process
is affected in diabetes. Precise details of the pathway are not required.
(10 marks – 300 words)

a. What is the theory of evolution (with example)

b. How evolutionary process be measured in species that are still in existence

c. What are forces that can cause evolution (Explain how each works and how they differ) (with examples) (name at least 3)

Briefly discuss three ways in which the biosynthesis of cholesterol can be regulated.
(10 marks – 300 words)

1. What do you expect will be the relationship between diet and dental morphology in primates?
2. What do you expect will be the relationship between diet and brain size in primates?
3. What do you expect will be the relationship between diet and home range size in primates?

1. [15 marks]

discuss the function of haemoglobin. In your answer include the roles of:

1. 2,3-BPG (2,3- bisphosphoglycerate)
2. carbon dioxide
3. protons

1.

Which organ system provides support for the body, stores minerals, and produces red blood cells?

2.

Which of the following is the term for the tissue that functions to support, bind, or attach other tissues or organs?

Define microbial nutritional types with respect to carbon and energy sources. Define and give examples of the following: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph, saprobe, parasite.

Daryl is a 32?year?old man who presents with a 6?month history of shortness of breath even during activities that require only minor exertion. He has noticed increasing limitation in his exercise capacity and denies wheezing, cough, or phlegm production. He has smoked for 15 years and continues to smoke. Daryl's father has been told he has early compensated cirrhosis but has never drank alcohol; his mother is in good health. Daryl’s serum protein electrophoretic results are shown below:     Adult reference Values        Patient Results Albumin 3.5?5.0   3.6 ?1 ? Globulins 0.1?0.4   0.0 ?2 ? Globulins 0.6?1.0   0.7 ? ? Globulins 0.7?1.1   0.8 ? – Globulins 0.8?1.6   1.0 Total Protein 6.0?8.0   6.1 Patient’s Electrophoretic Pattern                                    18US MLSC 4051: Clinical Chemistry 4 1. What protein fraction(s) is/are abnormal in the patient’s serum? (0.5 pt) 2. An abnormality in this/these fraction(s) is/are most often associated with changes in what protein? (1 pt) 3.   What is the function of this protein? (1 pt) 4.   Could this protein abnormality be related to both the patient’s symptoms and his father’s cirrhosis? Explain your answer. (1 pt) 5. What other test(s) may be done to confirm this abnormality? (1 pt) 6.   What charge is on the plasma proteins when they are dissolved in the typical pH 8.6 electrophoretic buffer? Explain (1 pt)    7.   Are there conditions that will cause an increase in this protein in the serum? If so, state at least one such condition and list at least three other specific proteins that would be abnormal in addition to this protein. (2.5 pts) 8.   Calculate the Total Globulin levels and the A/G ratio for this patient (1 pt)

What type of bond would you expect to find associated with the primary structure of the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK)? In your own words, describe the reaction involved in the formation of this bond including the molecular components as needed.

The karyotype of an organism is described by 2n=80.

Assume a cell of this organism undergoes a complete normal cell cycle including mitosis.

A)   Determine the haploid number during G2 of the cell cycle. Describe in your own words how you determined this value. Please note: a value without a written explanation will not be graded.

B) How many chromatids would you expect to find during prophase of mitosis in this organism? Describe in your own words how you determined this value. Please note: a value without a written explanation will not be graded.

C)   Determine the ploidy and total chromosome number in each of the resulting two daughter cells during G1 of the cell cycle. Explain in your own words how you determined these values. Please note: values without a written explanation will not be graded.

What are the stages of the cell cycle? What is happening in each one?

Interphase + Mitosis + Cytokinesis = cell cycle • Interphase: subdivided into G1, S, and G2 phases. What happens during each?

Mitosis: Stages of each in order. Events of each stage. Identify the stage that a cell is in from an image of a cell (Figure 11.4) • What happens after telophase and cytokinesis? What part of the cell cycle does the cell continue into?

In your own words, describe three mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, that are involved in controlling the rate of expression of hydrolytic enzymes associated with lysosomes. For each mechanism described, include whether the rate of expression would be increased or decreased.

A diploid organism produces four gametes from one parent cell through the process of meiosis. Two gametes are found to have 4 chromosomes, one gamete is found to have 3 chromosomes and one gamete is found to have 5 chromosomes.

A) Is this the expected number of chromosomes that would be found in each gamete following a normal cycle of meiosis? If yes, explain why. If no, explain why not and describe how the gamete situation described above occurred.

B)   Determine the number of homologous chromosome pairs that the original parent cell contained, before meiosis began. Explain how you determined this value. Please note: a value without a written explanation will not be graded.

Please clearly label your responses as A) and B) or it will not be possible to grade.