11. What is the theory of fixed species? Explain why fossils represented a problem for this theory. Briefly state why the theory of fixed species predominated for such a long period of history.

12. Describe Lamarck’s explanation for the evolution of species. Were his hypotheses eventually supported or rejected? Explain how his observations played a role in the study of evolution.

13. What are Darwin’s major contributions to the theory of evolution?

14. Explain how the fossil record and homologous structures are evidence for evolution.

15. Which of the following is evidence for common ancestry: analogous or homologous structures? What are some examples of each?

16. Explain how phylogenetic/evolutionary trees are created and what they represent. Know how to interpret them! What do the branch points represent?

17. Define natural selection. Make sure to address how mutations contribute to it. Then give some examples.

18. Define a population. Compare that to a community and ecosystem. What do each of these categories include?

19. Describe genetic drift. How is this different from selection? Does it usually occur in small or large populations?

20. Distinguish between the following concepts: a. the bottleneck effect and the founder effect b. directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection c. artificial selection and natural selection.

What is your best estimate of the rate of de novo somatic mutations? On what studies do you base your estimate? Explain the method(s) used in those studies and the assumptions on which the numbers are based.

What factors (for example, age, sex, temperature, cell type, environmental exposure, etc.) affect the rate of de novo somatic mutations in humans?

Choose only one of these! Discuss the inheritance pattern, populations commonly found in, phenotypes, cellular physiology, and “molecular” stories for: Red-green color blindness, Tay Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, or Hypercholesterolemia.

A son is born with Kleinfelter's syndrome and hemophilia. His father was normal and his mother was a carrier for the recessive X-linked blood clotting disorder. What occurred in meiosis to produce this genetic outcome?

a. Nondisjunction in meiosis I of the mother

b. Nondisjunction in meiosis II of the father

c. Nondisjunction in either meiosis I or meiosis II of the father

d. Nondisjunction in meiosis II of the mother

e. Nondisjunction in meiosis I of the father

What types of bond would be found within each water molecules and what types of bonds would connect the two water molecules together?

Furthermore, when relevant, where would the electrons be positioned in these bonds (ie. in the middle of the bond, or closer to one of the elements)? Be sure to be specific as to what bonds you are referring to when answering this question (it might not apply for all bond types).

Finally, would any full or partial charges result due to these bonds? Please explain.

Both polypeptides (proteins) and polynucleotides (RNA and DNA) are characterized by their primary structure. Briefly define that term with reference to each type of biomolecule. Then, briefly describe the connection between the two - that is, how the primary structure of nucleic acids translates to the primary structure of a protein.

1. A newly discovered species on the planet Neptune displays striped coloration controlled by a single gene. The first family sent as ambassadors to Earth has one parent with vertical stripes and one parent with horizontal stripes. Their child has a checkered pattern. What type of inheritance is being displayed? Predict the genotypes for all three individuals.

2. The ABO blood type locus has been mapped to chromosome 9. A father who has type AB blood and a mother who has type O blood have a child with trisomy 9 and type A blood. Using this information, can you tell in which parent the nondisjunction occurred?

In a mark and recapture study of butterflies, 22 butterflies are caught, marked with nail polish, and released. A week later the same habitat is searched and 16 butterflies are caught without marks and 10 are caught with marks. Using the Lincoln-Peterson Index, what is the population estimate? Group of answer choices: 57 352 76 35 48

Describe the structure of haemoglobin and the molecular changes that occur in the molecule when it releases oxygen.

(12 marks, plz try to detail)

Thx.

Q8. [10 marks]

Many molecules are involved in providing stability to the Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC) in eukaryotes. Describe:

1. The steps involved in stimulating initiation of transcription from a silent gene
2. How the molecules interact to provide stability to the PIC
3. How the polymerase escapes from this PIC to allow the transcript to elongate

The concentration of CO2 is lower inside a plant cell than in the atmosphere (outside the cell). In your own words, describe how the CO2 levels are kept low inside the plant cell and explain why this is necessary. Assume the outer surface of the leaves of this plant have a waxy layer.

Written Assignment:

Using an anatomy atlas, detail the pathways of the six cranial nerves that govern suck-swallow-breathe. I want to know from where they originate, to their pathways through the various foramina and where they end. Are the pathways sensory or motor? If motor, what muscles do they innervate; if sensory, into which nucleus do they terminate?

Instructions:

You may do algorithms diagrams; write out the pathways as if writing an essay; create graphics, etc. I want to know where the nerve starts, what pathway it follows through what foramina, and what it innervates. Is it sensory or motor? Tip: The sucking anatomy video has some of this information in it. An anatomy atlas will be your best friend. You can also use Wilson Pauwells Cranial Nerves book (any edition) as a source.

Predictions: Indicate your predictions for growth of E.coli or no growth of E.coli based on the presence (+) or absence (-) of the plasmid and the growth medium. Explain your reasoning for each prediction. Lysogeny broth (LB) is a nutritionally rich medium primarily used for the growth of bacteria.

+ plasmid on LB plate

- plasmid on LB plate

+ plasmid on LB plate treated with ampicillin

- plasmid on LB plate treated with ampicillin

+ plasmid on LB plate treated with ampicillin and X-gal

- plasmid on LB plate treated with ampicillin and X-gal

1. Compare metabolic and digestive wastes in Fetal Pigs

2. List the structures, in order, that metabolic waste travels as it leaves a nephron and exits the adult pig