6. What are the levels of the respiratory system, starting with the trachea as the ‘first level.’ Make the last level the smallest unit of the lungs. What major process/function happens at the smallest level?

Describe the evidence for the fact that DNA is the genetic material and the sequence of events leading from the sequence of nucleotides of DNA to the sequence of amino acids in proteins and their secretion. Include in your answer:

a. the early evidence for the location of genes on chromosomes, the first evidence that DNA was the genetic material, and that genes determined the structure of proteins

b. a description of the mechanisms and structures involved in of transcription and translation c. a description of the cellular structures involved in protein synthesis and secretion

As the cancer expert in the Biology Department at your school, NBC news contacts you to discuss the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on cancer risk. The reporter is very interested as she has read several articles on this topic. In particular she wants you to explain the following:

The reporter has read that in utero exposure increases the risk of mammary cancers in offspring. She wants you to explain the mechanism by which BPA may be increasing the risk of mammary cancers in the offspring.

As the cancer expert in the Biology Department at your school, NBC news contacts you to discuss the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on cancer risk. can cure leukemia can cure leukemiaThe reporter is very interested as she has read several articles on this topic. In particular she wants you to explain the following:

Is there sufficient evidence linking BPA to cancer? If so, is the risk the same of all types of cancer or are their particular types of cancer that are know to be associated with BPA exposure?

Describe the structure and roles of enzymes in metabolic pathways. Include in your answer: a. the structure of proteins, enzyme function, and the roles of coenzymes, cofactors and allosteric regulators b. a description of coupled reactions that drive metabolic pathways and the reasons that some molecules are unstable c. a description of the structure of ATP, the reasons for which it is unstable, and the role(s) of the phosphate group once transferred to another molecule.

20. How do you tell whether two genes are linked based on the phenotypic results of offspring from a dihybrid cross?

    1. If the genes are linked, certain combinations of phenotypes will not be observed as often among the offspring of a dihybrid cross

    2. If the two genes are on different chromosomes, all the offspring will look like the parents

    3. Linked genes will result in mutations being expressed only in male offspring

    4. Ifthegenesarenotlinked, you may calculate offspring ratios using Punnett squares

    5. If the genes are linked, only one version of each trait is inherited

In the electron-transport chain, electrons are handed off from low reduction potential carriers to increasingly higher reduction potential carriers. At some steps this exchange of electrons is sufficiently exergonic to drive proton pumping. Based on this, explain why FADH2 results in less ATP generation per mole compared with NADH.

 Specifically, how does one distinguish between everyday sadness and clinical depression?

Furthermore, what might be some of the risks of prescribing antidepressant medications to patients who are not actually suffering from a mental disorder? 

According to the Mayo Clinic, bipolar disorder "causes mood swings that range from the lows of depression to the highs of mania." There are two main types of bipolar disorders; Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder (there is also a Cyclothymic disorder).

Write a short (1-2 pages) essay regarding the main differences between Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder. In your essay be sure to include the following information:

Description of each disorder.The main differences between each of the two types.Explain how the presence, or absence, of manic and/or mixed episodes plays in distinguishing between these two conditions?

Use proper spelling, grammar and sentence structure. A suggestion is given about the number of paragraphs needed but you may write more. You may use quotes but don’t overuse them as putting the author’s ideas in your own words is key to the learning process and will help you remember. If you do use a quote put the page number in brackets right after the quote.

Reading Questions: In Defense of Food, pp. 101-136

Transformation in our Food System:

1. From Complexity to Simplicity

(a) Explain why Pollan says the simplification of the soil through artificial fertilizers is not a good thing.

(b) Explain why the simplification of the species we are cultivating is not a good thing.

2. From Quality to Quantity

(a) Give two examples of how the nutritional quality of our food has deteriorated.

(b) Explain the term nutritional inflation and what it means for health.

3. From Seeds to Leaves

(a) Why has our diet shifted from leaves to seeds?

(b) What is missing in seeds that is found in leaves, and what are the health consequences of this deficit?

(Please answer all parts)

A reaction has a very negative change in free energy. Will the reaction proceed as written? Why/why not? If so what would stop the reaction from proceeding / if not what would cause it to proceed?

Choose examples from your own body (except, do not choose skeletal muscle) and explain how they relate to the definitions of anatomy, physiology, and histology.