The mitochondrial genome is an interesting mix of eukaryotic and prokaryotic elements. Address the major aspects of mtDNA (in terms of organization, replication, transcription and translation. Use a table to organize your answers.

Estimate all radiation risks for astronauts after travel from the Earth to the Mars and back. Duration of the travel is 1.5 years. Total absorbed dose will be around 6Gy. Discuss validity of your estimation for all risks (strong and weak sides of the estimation).

Describe the outer membrane of a gram negative cell and the important of the O polysaccharide and the Lipid A endotoxin

List 6 differences between the cell walls of gram-positive and gram negative bacteria

Which of the following mechanisms are involved in mediating the increased prolactin secretion during lactation? [1.5 marks]

A . increased progesterone levels

B. increased sensitivity of prolactin negative feedback

C. decreased sensitivity of prolactin negative feedback

D. decreased prolactin gene expression due to the effects of oestrogens during pregnancy

E. increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity and expression

please explain the answer.

Can I please have a lap report on Enzymes,because any one I submitted is not good. please help

Describe the eukaryotic RNAPII and contrast it to the prokaryotic RNAP. What additional elements are present in RNAPII, and how do these contribute to transcription?

What is the significance of the Baltimore classification? How might we be able to use this type of classification to learn more about viruses or ways to target them for treatments?

You are interested in the complete oxidation of glucose in a cell. If the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was inhibited, what product would you expect would be the first to accumulate in the cell?

URGENT!!!!!

You are once again the science officer stationed on the starship NX-01. Upon discovery of a new planet, the mission of you team is to conduct a survey of the resources found on the planet. Now that you have conducted an ecological analysis of the planet, you have been called upon to some examine some of the living organisms on the planet. The area your team has been assigned to explore is located on East Darwin near the coast. The seawater is salty, approximately the same concentration as the seas on earth. Inland from the sea is a dry desert region with very little fresh water available. Between the desert and the sea are patches of scrubby grass, averaging approximately 35 cm in height.

While exploring the coastal areas of east Darwin, you find the remains of a large organism on the beach. The body is approximately 25m long, and appears to be some type of vertebrate-like organism. The organism has four relatively short limbs, attached to a heavy pectoral and pelvic girdle. Because of it’s location, you are at first unsure if it is an aquatic organism that washed up on the beach, or a terrestrial organism that died near the seashore. What respiratory, circulatory excretory and, structural features would you look for during your dissection to determine if it was aquatic or terrestrial? Explain why the structures you have mentioned are important in determining aquatic or terrestrial origins for the organism? (10 pts)

Describe some of the problems associated with the size of the organism mentioned in question #1. In your answer, address possible problems with movement, transfer of heat energy generated by the body and movement of materials across the epidermis. You must refer to the square cube law in your answer. If you answered terrestrial in question 1 assume your organism is terrestrial for question 2 as well. If you answered aquatic in question 1, assume your organism is aquatic for question 2 as well. (10)

In a stream you are observing, you see a living organism that appears to be Catadromous. Explain what this means for their physiology? (5)

These aquatic organisms can sense their environment in a variety of different ways. Discuss two different sensory systems that aquatic organisms may have that humans do not have. (5)

While continuing to explore your assigned area, you come across a small 4-legged organism (approximately 40 cm high, weight approximately 6 kg) with a feather-like outer covering. It inhabits the scrubby grass strips between the sea and the desert. As you observe the animal, you notice that after grazing on the grass, it walks to the sea and drinks the water. What adaptations might this organism have to be able to drink seawater? Explain. (10)

You are to travel to the cold regions in far north of the planet for your final explorations before you return to Earth from your continuing mission. Would you expect to large, small animals, both or none in this region? Why? (10)

1. Why is ATP synthase considered an active transporter?

2. Why is deleterious to a cell that DNA can be crosslinked, which forms covalent bonds between the two strands?

3. Describe all of the negative and positive controls used in the Pasteur experiment that disproved spontaneous generation, and briefly describe why each was included.

4. Why is a pH indicator used in cell culture media?

5. In biology we describe 10 important universal features of cells, #7 is that life requires free energy. Briefly describe where humans acquire this energy.

describe the cross bridge cycle. Make sure to include the action of actin, myosin, troponin, calcium, and ATP.

2. a) Describe some advantages of using cameras, ROVs, AUVs, and buoys compared to having manned technologies.
b) Shrimp fished at great depths survive but do not fish. Why?
c) Describe what a research hypothesis is and what the researcher does after formulating a hypothesis.
d) The picture shows a red coral that lives down to a depth of max. 300 meters. How does a fish or a human perceive the coral at 50 meters deep or below - as red or black? Justify the answer.

Part A: Bacteria and other microbes can be used to "clean up" an oil spill by breaking down oil into carbon dioxide and water. Two samples isolated from the Deepwater Horizon leak in the Gulf of Mexico were labeled A and B. The DNA of each was isolated and the percent thymine measured in each sample. Sample A contains 21.5% thymine and sample B contains 27.5% thymine. Assume the organisms contain normal double stranded DNA and predict the composition of the other bases.

Part B: Both samples are then denatured to remove the secondary structure. Which will have the higher temperature to denature? B or A

There are three traits in mice that are found on the same chromosome (they are linked). Gray fur is dominant to brown fur, long tails are dominant to short tails, and notched ears are dominant to unnotched ears.

A female mouse who is heterozygous is crossed with a male who is homozygous recessive. The observed offspring are shown below:

What are the phenotypes of the two parental (nonrecombinant) chromosomes:

1. fur: tail: ears

2. fur: tail: ears

3. What is the order in which these genes are found on the chromosome? (identify the middle gene, the other two can be either order) Genes are: fur color, tail length, ear shape

: :

4. What is the map distance between fur color and tail length?

5. What is the map distance between tail length and ear shape?

Sometimes, people claim that biological processes such as evolution are incompatible with the second law of thermodynamics. Assuming you wanted to engage scientifically with someone who claimed this, what would you say to them to show that they are incorrect? Support your answer with an example from cell biology.