1. Someone with AB+ blood has red blood cells with the A, B and Rh _________ on the surface of their red blood cells.  They do not have any__________ circulating in their plasma. They are the universal recipient because they can receive any blood type in a transfusion without the danger of a __________ reaction.

1-why scientists were incorrect in hypothesizing that whales descended from a carnivorous mammal ?

2-Factors which limit the size of a population no matter how dense the population is are called ___________ limiting factors. An example would be ________

Choose TWO of the specimens at this station to examine, sketch/diagram and label/describe. Be sure to label important features of the skull, describe their dentition/diet, habitat, note anyspecific adaptations to obtain food and/or to avoid predators, etc. (Consider the ecology, ie how is the species interacting with other species and the environment)

-Black and White Colobus skull

-Patas Money skull

-Vervet or Green Monkey skull

- Mandrill skull

-Baboon skull

1. How is RNA interference mediated within cells?

2. Compare and contrast the origin, structure, function of miRNA and siRNA.

3. What are the applications of siRNA in basic research? In clinical research?

Please answer all questions. Thank you

1. Dynamic equilibrium vs equilibrium.

1. What is the difference between a reaction in dynamic equilibrium and one at equilibrium?
2. What is the difference between an open and a closed system?

2. Entropy Changes during Egg Development Consider a system consisting of an egg in an incubator. The white and yolk of the egg contain proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. If fertilized, the egg is transformed from a single cell to a complex organism. Discuss this irreversible process in terms of the entropy changes in the system, surroundings, and universe. Be sure that you first clearly define the system and surroundings.

Question 2 a (800 words)

i) When yeast metabolises glucose under anaerobic conditions, it produces ethanol and CO2 as end products of glycolysis but under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is the end-product of the glycolytic pathway. What is the physiological rationale for producing ethanol and CO2 under anaerobic conditions? Fully explain your answer.

ii) The standard free energy change for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 is shown below: Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 ∆G’o = - 2840 kJ mol-1 If the free energy change (∆G’o) for the hydrolysis of ATP (ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi) is - 30.5 kJ mol-1, what is the overall percentage efficiency of glycolysis in terms of the free energy “captured” in the form of ATP? Make sure you fully explain your calculations and take care to include units and give your answer to three significant figures.

iii) Clearly explain in your own words the differences between substratelevel phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. iv) What is the physiological rationale for the inhibitory effect of ATP on Phosphofructokinase?

Question 2b

In 800 words, Describe the process of receptor activation in Cell Signalling pathways. Illustrate your answer with a Cell Signalling system of your choice making sure to include the pathway(s) of receptor activation, the second messenger(s) involved and the downstream cellular response(s).

Why might the genetic systems observed to exhibit polymorphism associated with non?Mendelian segregation have unusual properties compared to the set of all drive systems that occur over long evolutionary time periods? In other words, do you expect the properties of polymorphic systems to be different from that of all drive systems. Why?

Given the idea that male expressed drive systems like sex-ratio X chromosomes, though favored by gametic selection, may have costs with respect to other fitness components. Alternatively, the fitness costs associated with female?expressed drive may be less obvious. What basic difference between male and female meiosis may explain some of the difference in the fitness costs of drive in males vs. females (all else being equal) ?

A few days after you have completed the streak plate method, you observe not one single isolated colony on the TSA plate. Explain why this may have happened.

How does dental plaque form?

How does tooth decay occur?

Jeffrey Mitton and his colleagues found three genotypes (R2R2, R2R3, and R3R3) at a locus encoding the enzyme peroxidase in ponderosa pine trees growing at Glacier Lake, Colorado. The observed numbers of these genotypes were: Genotypes: Number observed: R2R2 135 R2R3 44 R3R3 11 a. Determine the allele frequencies for the R2 and R3 alleles. b. Use the Chi square test to determine if this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the peroxidase trait. Generate a Chi square value. c. Interpret the Chi square value from part (b). If the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggest a reason why.

1. how is gram stain done?

2. What types of bacteria are stained differently in the Gram stain?

3. What is the key step in the Gram stain that distinguishes between two different cell types? Explain why.

The laboratory reported gram-negative bacteria arranged inside the leukocytes of the pus sample. Other tests confirmed the pathogen was Neisseria gonorrhoeae, indicating Tom had the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.

4. Describe the shape of the gram-negative bacteria shown in the photo.

Dr. Nelson called Tom to explain the laboratory results and told him that he was required to report cases of gonorrhea to the Public Health Service. He indicated that Tom should expect a follow-up call so that his sexual partners, who may be infected with the pathogen but not yet showing symptoms, can be tested and treated if necessary. Dr. Nelson was confident that Tom would get the prompt and appropriate treatment he needed.

5. Name an antibiotic that could be effective for an uncomplicated case of gonorrhea.